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AP/College Biology - 1300+ > Body Systems > Flashcards

Body Systems Flashcards

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2
Q

This order of crustacea has barnacles that are sessile as adults but free swimming larvae and are hermaphroditic and some have stalks

A

cirripedia

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3
Q

class of arthropods that includes insects which is the largest group of animals and there are about one billion billion insects alive at any one time

A

hexapoda

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4
Q

three body regions of insects

A

head, thorax, abdomen

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5
Q

these permeate all tissues in insects to breathe

A

tracheae

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6
Q

This class of arthropods have no tagmata and include centipedes and millipedes and have bodies with a head followed by numerous segments

A

myriapoda

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7
Q

this phylum is an ancient group of marine animals with about 6000 species and are deuterostomes and have an endoskeleton

A

echinodermata

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8
Q

the blank of echinoderms are bilaterally symmetrical and blank symmetrical as adults which means blank lines

A

larvae, pentaradial, five

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9
Q

echinoderms have an endoskeleton made of calcite plates called blank

A

endoskeletons, ossicles

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10
Q

echinoderms have blank so they can change shape and drop body parts

A

mutable collagenous tissue

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11
Q

papulae are the same as

A

tube feet

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12
Q

there are more than blank extinct classes of echinoderms

A

20

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13
Q

there are five classes of echinoderms and they are

A

asteroidea, crinoidea, echinoidea, holothuroidea, ophiuroidea

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14
Q

this class of echinoderm includes seas stars and sea daisies

A

asteroidea

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15
Q

this class of echinoderms includes sea lillies and feather stars

A

crinoidea

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16
Q

this class of echinoderms includes sea urchins and sand dollars

A

echinoidea

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17
Q

this class of echinoderms includes sea cucumbers

A

holothuroidea

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18
Q

this class of echinoderms includes brittle stars

A

ophiuroidea

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19
Q

The chordates nearest relative is the blank

A

echinoderms

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20
Q

Five features characterize chordates and they are

A

nerve cord, notochord, pharyngeal slits, postanal tail, endostyle

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21
Q

turned into the spinal cord

A

nerve cord

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22
Q

turgid cord of cells wrapped with connective tissue that turned into the spinal column

A

notochord

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23
Q

gill arches that form bones in ears

A

pharyngeal slits

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24
Q

manages iodine metabolism and turns into the thyroid gland

A

endostyle

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25
Q

three subphyla of the chordata phylum

A

cephalochordata, urochordata, vertebrata

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26
Q

subphylum of chordata that have all chordate characteristics throughout lifetime but no anterior sense organs or brain

A

cephalochordata

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27
Q

oldest chordate which was a cephalochordate

A

pikaia

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28
Q

subphylum of chordata that includes tunicates and are marine animals with tadpolelike larvae and adults typically lose the tail, nerve chord, and notochord

A

urochordata

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29
Q

urochordata often secrete a blank which is a cellulose sac that surrounds the animal

A

tunic

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30
Q

subphylum of chordates that includes vertebrates and an endoskeleton made of cartilage or bone

A

vertebrata

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31
Q

chordates with a spinal column

A

vertebrates

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32
Q

most diverse vertebrate group including half of all vertebrates

A

fishes

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33
Q

five characteristics of fishes

A

vertebral column, jaws and paired appendages, internal gills, single loop blood circulation, nutritional deficiencies

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34
Q

the first fishes had blank but no blank

A

mouths, jaws

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35
Q

first fishes that had bony plates and are now extinct

A

ostracoderms

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36
Q

first fishes that have no jaws that still exist today

A

hagfish and lampreys

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37
Q

the development of jaws occurred in the late blank period

A

silurian

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38
Q

fishes were the first vertebrates to develop blank

A

teeth

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39
Q

these two things make up shark scales and all teeth

A

dentin and enamel

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40
Q

fishes have a blank system that is a series of sensory organs under the skin that detects changes in pressure waves

A

lateral line

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41
Q

first jawed fish came about during the blank perdio

A

devonian

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42
Q

first jawed fish that was spiny

A

acanthodii

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43
Q

first jawed fish that were armored

A

placodermi

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44
Q

in this period, sharks became the dominant sea predators

A

carboniferous

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45
Q

chondro means

A

cartilage

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46
Q

ichthyes means

A

fish

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47
Q

the most species rich group of all vertebrates

A

bony fishes

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48
Q

a gas filled sac that allows bony fishes to regulate their buoyant density

A

swim bladder

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49
Q

a hard plate that covers the gills

A

operculum

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50
Q

the felxing of this permits water pumping over the gills

A

gill cover

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51
Q

group of bony fishes that are ray finned and there are no muscles in the fins

A

actinopterygii

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52
Q

group of bony fishes that are lobe finned and have paired fins that consist of a long fleshy muscular lobe

A

sarcopterygii

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53
Q

sarco means

A

flesh

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54
Q

damp skinned vertebrates and were the first vertebrates to walk on land

A

amphibians

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55
Q

Three adaptations of amphibians

A

legs, lungs, system to prevent desiccation

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56
Q

amphibians reproduce where?

A

H2O

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57
Q

this word means “drying out”

A

desiccation

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58
Q

amphibians evolved from blank

A

lobe finned fish

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59
Q

Three bones that are found in bony fishes and amphibians today

A

humerus, femur, radius

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60
Q

modern amphibians come from the blank period

A

tertiary

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61
Q

Three orders of today’s amphibians

A

anura, caudata, and apoda

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62
Q

order of amphibians that means without tail

A

anura

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63
Q

frogs and toads are part of this order of amphibians…

A

anura

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64
Q

type of fertilization in anura

A

external

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65
Q

order of amphibians that includes salamanders and larvae are similar to adults

A

caudata

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66
Q

type of fertilization in caudata

A

internal

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67
Q

order of amphibians that includes caecilians and lay their eggs underground and are legless burrowers

A

apoda

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68
Q

animals that evolved from amphibians and all have one major thing in common because the amniotic egg has blank membranes

A

amniotes, four

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69
Q

This includes mammals, birds, and reptiles

A

amniotes

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70
Q

amniotes have a blank egg with an amnion and yolk sac

A

water tight

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71
Q

these animals dominated earth for 250 million years and there are 7000 species today on earth

A

reptiles

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72
Q

type of breathing that increases lung capacity by chest moving

A

thoracic breathing

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73
Q

type of fertilization in reptiles

A

internal

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74
Q

reptiles have blank circulation than amphibians

A

better

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75
Q

class of reptiles that are shelled, have a solid skull, have beaks but no teeth. includes turtles

A

testudina

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76
Q

in turtles, what structures creates the shell

A

the ribs

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77
Q

order of Lepidosauria that has two species of tuataras which are large lizard like animals found in New Zealand

A

Rhynchocephalia

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78
Q

Order of Lepidosauria that are reptiles that have lizards and snakes and has a light skull with many openings and joints and have a forked penis called a blank

A

squamata, hemopenes

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79
Q

Class of reptiles that are the ruling reptiles and are the first bipedal vertebrates

A

archosauria

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80
Q

means walks on two legs

A

bipedal

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81
Q

Two groups of archosauria that live today

A

aves, crocodilia

82
Q

blank were the first bipedal vertebrates

A

dinosaurs

83
Q

an archosauria that has 25 species are primarily aquatic and are carnivorous with a strong compact skull

A

crocodylia

84
Q

group of archosauria that includes birds which are direct descendants of dinosaurs and are the most diverse terrestrial vertebrates

A

aves

85
Q

first bird had how many fingers plus a wing

A

three

86
Q

the most alike part of birds to dinosaurs

A

scaly legs

87
Q

birds are most similar to

A

crocodiles

88
Q

Three things making birds special

A

feathers, hollow skeleton, efficient circulation, efficient respiration, endothermy

89
Q

means that body temperature permits higher metabolic rate

A

endothermy

90
Q

Three mammalian ancestors

A

pelycosaurs, therapsis, mammalia

91
Q

first succesful large land vertebrates which is a mammalian ancestor and is reptile like but has a mammalian skull

A

pelycosaurs

92
Q

mammalian ancestor that had a mammal like skeleton and were replaced by dinosaurs

A

therapsids

93
Q

pelycosaurs had a blank

A

mammalian skull

94
Q

two fundamental traits of mammals

A

hair and mammary glands

95
Q

these secrete milk in female mammals

A

mammary glands

96
Q

milk comes from the same gland as blank

A

sweat

97
Q

important charactertic of heart in mammals

A

four chambered heart

98
Q

respiration advantage in mammals structure

A

diaphragm

99
Q

the amniotic egg inside a human uterus

A

placenta

100
Q

group of mammals that lay eggs and have a cloaca for digestion and reproduction

A

monotremes

101
Q

example of a monotreme with a cloaca

A

duck billed platypus

102
Q

group of mammals that includes kangaroos and opossums and have a pouch

A

marsupials

103
Q

type of mammal that produce a placenta that nourishes the fetus and includes most living mammals

A

placental

104
Q

group of mammals that have grasping fingers and toes with binocular vision and includes monkeys and gorillas

A

primates

105
Q

earliest primates split into these two groups

A

anthropoids and prosimians

106
Q

this group of primates are nocturnal and include lemurs and tarsiers

A

prosimians

107
Q

this group of primates include monkeys, apes, and humans

A

anthropoids

108
Q

group of anthropoids that includes humans and apes

A

hominoids

109
Q

group of hominoids that are paraphyletic and include gorillas, chimpanzees, gibbons, orangutans

A

apes

110
Q

group of hominoids that includes humans and australopithecus

A

hominids

111
Q

hominoids that evolved about 2 mya and had a large brain and were the first humans

A

Homo

112
Q

All homos are extinct except for blank

A

sapiens

113
Q

Four levels of organization of the vertebrate body

A

cells, tissues, organs, organ systems

114
Q

How many cell types does a human have

A

210

115
Q

groups of cells that are similar in structure and function

A

tissue

116
Q

are combinations of different tissues that form a structural and functional unit

A

organ

117
Q

organs are combinations of blank tissues

A

different

118
Q

groups of organs that cooperate to perform the major activities of the body

A

organ systems

119
Q

how many organ systems in a vertebrate body

A

11

120
Q

11 organ systems put together equals blank

A

organism

121
Q

vertebrates have a blank within a blank body plan

A

tube

122
Q

how many body cavities in a vertebrate

A

several

123
Q

body cavity that is within the skull and vertebrae and includes brain and spinal cord

A

dorsal

124
Q

body cavity that is bounded by the rib cage and vertebral column that includes heart, liver, intestine, stomach, kidneys, etc.

A

ventral

125
Q

four primary tissues in adult vertebrates

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

126
Q

primary tissue that covers exposed surfaces of the vertebrate body and provides a protective barrier and can be membranes and glands

A

epithelial

127
Q

all germ layers have this primary tissue

A

epithelium

128
Q

the epithelium has blank

A

polarity

129
Q

two sides of epithelium

A

basal surface and apical surface

130
Q

side of epithelium that is the secured side

A

basal

131
Q

side of the epithelium that is the free side

A

apical

132
Q

blank layers of epithelial tissue allows for absorption and diffusion

A

one

133
Q

blank layers of epithelial tissue creates a dense barrier to abrasion and chemicals

A

several

134
Q

this cell size of epithelial tissue allow for materials to diffuse through

A

flat cells

135
Q

this cell size of epithelial tissue have more organelles and can process more materials

A

thick cells

136
Q

these form from invaginated epithelia and can be exocrine or endocrine

A

glands

137
Q

gland that produces a product like sweat and secretes it into a duct

A

exocrine

138
Q

gland that is ductless and secretions enter the blood

A

endocrine

139
Q

this tissue is divided into two major classes and come from mesoderm and have abundant extracellular material

A

connective

140
Q

class of connective tissue that is loose dense and adipose

A

connective tissue proper

141
Q

class of connective tissue that includes cartilage, bone, and blood

A

special connective tissue

142
Q

connective tissue consists of two major things

A

matrix and cells

143
Q

extracellular material found in connective tissue that can be made of protein fibers, gels, salts, fluids, fats, etc.

A

matrix

144
Q

connective tissue blanks make matrix

A

cells

145
Q

cells that produce and secrete protein fibers in extracellular matrix in connective tissue. These fibers include collagen fibers and elastic fibers.

A

fibroblasts

146
Q

type of connective tissue proper that has more collagen than loose connective tissue and has less gel

A

dense connective tissue

147
Q

type of connective tissue proper that has little collagen and a lot of gel

A

loose connective tissue

148
Q

collagen fibers that are parallel create

A

tendons/ligaments

149
Q

collagen fibers that are in many different directions are very blank and in the blank of skin

A

tough, dermis

150
Q

this type of connective tissue proper also occurs in loose connective tissue and is also known as fat cells

A

adipose

151
Q

cartilage is a blank connective tissue

A

special

152
Q

cartilage cells are called

A

chondrocytes

153
Q

chondroitin and collagen/elastin fibers make up the blank

A

matrix

154
Q

flexible with great tensile strength and is a tissue found in joint surfaces

A

cartilage

155
Q

bone is a blank connective tissue

A

special

156
Q

tissue that is hardened with calcium phosphate salts around collagen fibers

A

bone

157
Q

bone cells are called

A

osteocytes

158
Q

blood is a blank connective tissue

A

special

159
Q

extracellular material is the fluid plasma and they can be red white or platelets and is a tissue

A

blood

160
Q

extracellular material of blood

A

plasma

161
Q

leukocytes are what kind of blood cells

A

white

162
Q

erythrocytes are what kind of blood cells

A

red

163
Q

muscle tissue that lines blood vessels and visceral organs, are mono-nucleated, and involuntary

A

smooth muscles

164
Q

muscle tissue that is attached to bone by tendons, voluntary, striated and cells are long/multi-nucleated

A

skeletal muscles

165
Q

type of muscle tissue found the heart only and is mono-nucleated and muscle cells form from a single functioning unit

A

cardiac muscle

166
Q

interconnections of cardiac muscle are called

A

intercalated disks

167
Q

nerve tissue that consists of three parts

A

neurons

168
Q

three parts of neurons

A

cell body, axon, dendrites

169
Q

contains the nucleus in neurons

A

cell body

170
Q

single cytoplasmic extension in neurons that takes impulses away from cell body

A

axon

171
Q

highly branched extensions of neurons that take impulses toward the cell body

A

dendrites

172
Q

this type of nerve tissue does not conduct electrical impulses and it supports and insulates neurons and form an insulated cover called the blank

A

neuroglia, myelin sheath

173
Q

a

A

aa

174
Q

organ systems that detects external stimuli and coordinate body’s responses and are involved in communication and integration

A

nervous, sensory, endocrine

175
Q

organ system that provides support and movement

A

musculoskeletal

176
Q

organ systems that are involved in regulation and maintenance like maintaining the body’s chemistry

A

digestive, circulatory, respiratory, urinary systems

177
Q

organ systems that deal with bodily defense

A

integumentary and immune

178
Q

organ system that is involved in reproduction and development and nurtures the developing embryo and fetus as well as the continuance of genes

A

reproductive system

179
Q

the dynamic constancy of the internal environment is called

A

homeostasis

180
Q

two things that need to remain relatively constant in the body

A

water in cells, temperature

181
Q

the body uses these mechanisms to maintain homeostasis

A

negative feedback

182
Q

6 steps of negative feedback

A

stimulus, sensors, integrating center, effector, response, sensor reset

183
Q

negative feedback loops often oppose each other to produce finer degree of control called blank

A

antagonistic effectors

184
Q

This type of feedback does not maintain homeostasis

A

positive

185
Q

examples of positive feedback in body

A

clotting and contraction of uterus during childbirth

186
Q

the rate of any chemical reaction is affected by blank

A

temperature

187
Q

three things that determine body temperature

A

behavior, metabolism, environment

188
Q

Four mechanisms of heat transfer

A

radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation

189
Q

mechanism of heat transfer that deals with electromagnetivity

A

radiation

190
Q

mechanism of heat transfer that is directly between two objects

A

conduction

191
Q

mechanism of heat transfer that is by the movement of a gas or liquid

A

convection

192
Q

mechanism of heat transfer that is the conversion of water to gas

A

evaporation

193
Q

Three classes of organisms that generate heat in different ways

A

endotherms, ectotherms, heterotherms

194
Q

organism that use metabolism to generate body heat and maintain temperature above ambient temperature

A

endotherms

195
Q

these organisms produce no heat so they have low metabolic rates

A

ectotherms

196
Q

ectotherms regulate temperature using blank

A

behavior

197
Q

heat exchange that ectotherm marine animals use to limit heat loss in cold water

A

countercurrent blood flow

198
Q

warm blood is pumped from within the body in arteries warms the cooler blood returning from the skin within veins… this is called

A

countercurrent heat exchange

199
Q

how endotherms cool themselves down

A

panting or sweating

200
Q

this increases blood flow which increases heat dissipation

A

vasodilation

AP/College Biology - 1300+ (9 decks)

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