Body Systems Flashcards
This order of crustacea has barnacles that are sessile as adults but free swimming larvae and are hermaphroditic and some have stalks
cirripedia
class of arthropods that includes insects which is the largest group of animals and there are about one billion billion insects alive at any one time
hexapoda
three body regions of insects
head, thorax, abdomen
these permeate all tissues in insects to breathe
tracheae
This class of arthropods have no tagmata and include centipedes and millipedes and have bodies with a head followed by numerous segments
myriapoda
this phylum is an ancient group of marine animals with about 6000 species and are deuterostomes and have an endoskeleton
echinodermata
the blank of echinoderms are bilaterally symmetrical and blank symmetrical as adults which means blank lines
larvae, pentaradial, five
echinoderms have an endoskeleton made of calcite plates called blank
endoskeletons, ossicles
echinoderms have blank so they can change shape and drop body parts
mutable collagenous tissue
papulae are the same as
tube feet
there are more than blank extinct classes of echinoderms
20
there are five classes of echinoderms and they are
asteroidea, crinoidea, echinoidea, holothuroidea, ophiuroidea
this class of echinoderm includes seas stars and sea daisies
asteroidea
this class of echinoderms includes sea lillies and feather stars
crinoidea
this class of echinoderms includes sea urchins and sand dollars
echinoidea
this class of echinoderms includes sea cucumbers
holothuroidea
this class of echinoderms includes brittle stars
ophiuroidea
The chordates nearest relative is the blank
echinoderms
Five features characterize chordates and they are
nerve cord, notochord, pharyngeal slits, postanal tail, endostyle
turned into the spinal cord
nerve cord
turgid cord of cells wrapped with connective tissue that turned into the spinal column
notochord
gill arches that form bones in ears
pharyngeal slits
manages iodine metabolism and turns into the thyroid gland
endostyle
three subphyla of the chordata phylum
cephalochordata, urochordata, vertebrata
subphylum of chordata that have all chordate characteristics throughout lifetime but no anterior sense organs or brain
cephalochordata
oldest chordate which was a cephalochordate
pikaia
subphylum of chordata that includes tunicates and are marine animals with tadpolelike larvae and adults typically lose the tail, nerve chord, and notochord
urochordata
urochordata often secrete a blank which is a cellulose sac that surrounds the animal
tunic
subphylum of chordates that includes vertebrates and an endoskeleton made of cartilage or bone
vertebrata
chordates with a spinal column
vertebrates
most diverse vertebrate group including half of all vertebrates
fishes
five characteristics of fishes
vertebral column, jaws and paired appendages, internal gills, single loop blood circulation, nutritional deficiencies
the first fishes had blank but no blank
mouths, jaws
first fishes that had bony plates and are now extinct
ostracoderms
first fishes that have no jaws that still exist today
hagfish and lampreys
the development of jaws occurred in the late blank period
silurian
fishes were the first vertebrates to develop blank
teeth
these two things make up shark scales and all teeth
dentin and enamel
fishes have a blank system that is a series of sensory organs under the skin that detects changes in pressure waves
lateral line
first jawed fish came about during the blank perdio
devonian
first jawed fish that was spiny
acanthodii
first jawed fish that were armored
placodermi
in this period, sharks became the dominant sea predators
carboniferous
chondro means
cartilage
ichthyes means
fish
the most species rich group of all vertebrates
bony fishes
a gas filled sac that allows bony fishes to regulate their buoyant density
swim bladder
a hard plate that covers the gills
operculum
the felxing of this permits water pumping over the gills
gill cover
group of bony fishes that are ray finned and there are no muscles in the fins
actinopterygii
group of bony fishes that are lobe finned and have paired fins that consist of a long fleshy muscular lobe
sarcopterygii
sarco means
flesh
damp skinned vertebrates and were the first vertebrates to walk on land
amphibians
Three adaptations of amphibians
legs, lungs, system to prevent desiccation
amphibians reproduce where?
H2O
this word means “drying out”
desiccation
amphibians evolved from blank
lobe finned fish
Three bones that are found in bony fishes and amphibians today
humerus, femur, radius
modern amphibians come from the blank period
tertiary
Three orders of today’s amphibians
anura, caudata, and apoda
order of amphibians that means without tail
anura
frogs and toads are part of this order of amphibians…
anura
type of fertilization in anura
external
order of amphibians that includes salamanders and larvae are similar to adults
caudata
type of fertilization in caudata
internal
order of amphibians that includes caecilians and lay their eggs underground and are legless burrowers
apoda
animals that evolved from amphibians and all have one major thing in common because the amniotic egg has blank membranes
amniotes, four
This includes mammals, birds, and reptiles
amniotes
amniotes have a blank egg with an amnion and yolk sac
water tight
these animals dominated earth for 250 million years and there are 7000 species today on earth
reptiles
type of breathing that increases lung capacity by chest moving
thoracic breathing
type of fertilization in reptiles
internal
reptiles have blank circulation than amphibians
better
class of reptiles that are shelled, have a solid skull, have beaks but no teeth. includes turtles
testudina
in turtles, what structures creates the shell
the ribs
order of Lepidosauria that has two species of tuataras which are large lizard like animals found in New Zealand
Rhynchocephalia
Order of Lepidosauria that are reptiles that have lizards and snakes and has a light skull with many openings and joints and have a forked penis called a blank
squamata, hemopenes
Class of reptiles that are the ruling reptiles and are the first bipedal vertebrates
archosauria
means walks on two legs
bipedal
Two groups of archosauria that live today
aves, crocodilia
blank were the first bipedal vertebrates
dinosaurs
an archosauria that has 25 species are primarily aquatic and are carnivorous with a strong compact skull
crocodylia
group of archosauria that includes birds which are direct descendants of dinosaurs and are the most diverse terrestrial vertebrates
aves
first bird had how many fingers plus a wing
three
the most alike part of birds to dinosaurs
scaly legs
birds are most similar to
crocodiles
Three things making birds special
feathers, hollow skeleton, efficient circulation, efficient respiration, endothermy
means that body temperature permits higher metabolic rate
endothermy
Three mammalian ancestors
pelycosaurs, therapsis, mammalia
first succesful large land vertebrates which is a mammalian ancestor and is reptile like but has a mammalian skull
pelycosaurs
mammalian ancestor that had a mammal like skeleton and were replaced by dinosaurs
therapsids
pelycosaurs had a blank
mammalian skull
two fundamental traits of mammals
hair and mammary glands
these secrete milk in female mammals
mammary glands
milk comes from the same gland as blank
sweat
important charactertic of heart in mammals
four chambered heart
respiration advantage in mammals structure
diaphragm
the amniotic egg inside a human uterus
placenta
group of mammals that lay eggs and have a cloaca for digestion and reproduction
monotremes
example of a monotreme with a cloaca
duck billed platypus
group of mammals that includes kangaroos and opossums and have a pouch
marsupials
type of mammal that produce a placenta that nourishes the fetus and includes most living mammals
placental
group of mammals that have grasping fingers and toes with binocular vision and includes monkeys and gorillas
primates
earliest primates split into these two groups
anthropoids and prosimians
this group of primates are nocturnal and include lemurs and tarsiers
prosimians
this group of primates include monkeys, apes, and humans
anthropoids
group of anthropoids that includes humans and apes
hominoids
group of hominoids that are paraphyletic and include gorillas, chimpanzees, gibbons, orangutans
apes
group of hominoids that includes humans and australopithecus
hominids
hominoids that evolved about 2 mya and had a large brain and were the first humans
Homo
All homos are extinct except for blank
sapiens
Four levels of organization of the vertebrate body
cells, tissues, organs, organ systems
How many cell types does a human have
210
groups of cells that are similar in structure and function
tissue
are combinations of different tissues that form a structural and functional unit
organ
organs are combinations of blank tissues
different
groups of organs that cooperate to perform the major activities of the body
organ systems
how many organ systems in a vertebrate body
11
11 organ systems put together equals blank
organism
vertebrates have a blank within a blank body plan
tube
how many body cavities in a vertebrate
several
body cavity that is within the skull and vertebrae and includes brain and spinal cord
dorsal
body cavity that is bounded by the rib cage and vertebral column that includes heart, liver, intestine, stomach, kidneys, etc.
ventral
four primary tissues in adult vertebrates
epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
primary tissue that covers exposed surfaces of the vertebrate body and provides a protective barrier and can be membranes and glands
epithelial
all germ layers have this primary tissue
epithelium
the epithelium has blank
polarity
two sides of epithelium
basal surface and apical surface
side of epithelium that is the secured side
basal
side of the epithelium that is the free side
apical
blank layers of epithelial tissue allows for absorption and diffusion
one
blank layers of epithelial tissue creates a dense barrier to abrasion and chemicals
several
this cell size of epithelial tissue allow for materials to diffuse through
flat cells
this cell size of epithelial tissue have more organelles and can process more materials
thick cells
these form from invaginated epithelia and can be exocrine or endocrine
glands
gland that produces a product like sweat and secretes it into a duct
exocrine
gland that is ductless and secretions enter the blood
endocrine
this tissue is divided into two major classes and come from mesoderm and have abundant extracellular material
connective
class of connective tissue that is loose dense and adipose
connective tissue proper
class of connective tissue that includes cartilage, bone, and blood
special connective tissue
connective tissue consists of two major things
matrix and cells
extracellular material found in connective tissue that can be made of protein fibers, gels, salts, fluids, fats, etc.
matrix
connective tissue blanks make matrix
cells
cells that produce and secrete protein fibers in extracellular matrix in connective tissue. These fibers include collagen fibers and elastic fibers.
fibroblasts
type of connective tissue proper that has more collagen than loose connective tissue and has less gel
dense connective tissue
type of connective tissue proper that has little collagen and a lot of gel
loose connective tissue
collagen fibers that are parallel create
tendons/ligaments
collagen fibers that are in many different directions are very blank and in the blank of skin
tough, dermis
this type of connective tissue proper also occurs in loose connective tissue and is also known as fat cells
adipose
cartilage is a blank connective tissue
special
cartilage cells are called
chondrocytes
chondroitin and collagen/elastin fibers make up the blank
matrix
flexible with great tensile strength and is a tissue found in joint surfaces
cartilage
bone is a blank connective tissue
special
tissue that is hardened with calcium phosphate salts around collagen fibers
bone
bone cells are called
osteocytes
blood is a blank connective tissue
special
extracellular material is the fluid plasma and they can be red white or platelets and is a tissue
blood
extracellular material of blood
plasma
leukocytes are what kind of blood cells
white
erythrocytes are what kind of blood cells
red
muscle tissue that lines blood vessels and visceral organs, are mono-nucleated, and involuntary
smooth muscles
muscle tissue that is attached to bone by tendons, voluntary, striated and cells are long/multi-nucleated
skeletal muscles
type of muscle tissue found the heart only and is mono-nucleated and muscle cells form from a single functioning unit
cardiac muscle
interconnections of cardiac muscle are called
intercalated disks
nerve tissue that consists of three parts
neurons
three parts of neurons
cell body, axon, dendrites
contains the nucleus in neurons
cell body
single cytoplasmic extension in neurons that takes impulses away from cell body
axon
highly branched extensions of neurons that take impulses toward the cell body
dendrites
this type of nerve tissue does not conduct electrical impulses and it supports and insulates neurons and form an insulated cover called the blank
neuroglia, myelin sheath
a
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organ systems that detects external stimuli and coordinate body’s responses and are involved in communication and integration
nervous, sensory, endocrine
organ system that provides support and movement
musculoskeletal
organ systems that are involved in regulation and maintenance like maintaining the body’s chemistry
digestive, circulatory, respiratory, urinary systems
organ systems that deal with bodily defense
integumentary and immune
organ system that is involved in reproduction and development and nurtures the developing embryo and fetus as well as the continuance of genes
reproductive system
the dynamic constancy of the internal environment is called
homeostasis
two things that need to remain relatively constant in the body
water in cells, temperature
the body uses these mechanisms to maintain homeostasis
negative feedback
6 steps of negative feedback
stimulus, sensors, integrating center, effector, response, sensor reset
negative feedback loops often oppose each other to produce finer degree of control called blank
antagonistic effectors
This type of feedback does not maintain homeostasis
positive
examples of positive feedback in body
clotting and contraction of uterus during childbirth
the rate of any chemical reaction is affected by blank
temperature
three things that determine body temperature
behavior, metabolism, environment
Four mechanisms of heat transfer
radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation
mechanism of heat transfer that deals with electromagnetivity
radiation
mechanism of heat transfer that is directly between two objects
conduction
mechanism of heat transfer that is by the movement of a gas or liquid
convection
mechanism of heat transfer that is the conversion of water to gas
evaporation
Three classes of organisms that generate heat in different ways
endotherms, ectotherms, heterotherms
organism that use metabolism to generate body heat and maintain temperature above ambient temperature
endotherms
these organisms produce no heat so they have low metabolic rates
ectotherms
ectotherms regulate temperature using blank
behavior
heat exchange that ectotherm marine animals use to limit heat loss in cold water
countercurrent blood flow
warm blood is pumped from within the body in arteries warms the cooler blood returning from the skin within veins… this is called
countercurrent heat exchange
how endotherms cool themselves down
panting or sweating
this increases blood flow which increases heat dissipation
vasodilation
