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AP/College Biology - 1300+ > Body Systems Continued > Flashcards

Body Systems Continued Flashcards

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1
Q

decreases blood flow which limits heat loss

A

vasoconstriction

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2
Q

blank animals have higher metabolism to keep warm

A

smaller

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3
Q

blank animals have lower metabolic rates to retain heat better

A

large

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4
Q

tissue that forms the outer protective covering of a plant organ

A

dermal tissue

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5
Q

fills the interior of a plant organ; photosynthesizes and stores the products of photosynthesis

A

ground tissue

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6
Q

tissue that transports water and sugar, the product of photosynthesis, in a plant and provides support

A

vascular tissue

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7
Q

root xylem and phloem are in a ring in the root of a blank

A

monocot

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8
Q

the root phloem is between the arms of xylem in roots of blank

A

eudicots

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9
Q

the vascular bundles are scattered in the stems of blank

A

monocots

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10
Q

the vascular bundles are in a distinct ring in blank

A

eudicots

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11
Q

a carrot is an example of a blank

A

taproot

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12
Q

the growth between terminal bud scars is called a blank

A

twig

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13
Q

use of energy metabolism to produce heat

A

thermogenesis

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14
Q

thermoregulation is controlled by the blank

A

hypothalamus

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15
Q

blank is used by us to keep us warm when cold

A

shivering

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16
Q

in the hypothalamus there is a blank center that kicks in when the body temp increases

A

heat losing

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17
Q

in the hypothalamus there is a blank center that kicks in when the body temp decreases

A

heat promoting

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18
Q

these cause a rise in temperature in the body and produce a fever

A

pyrogens

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19
Q

a state of dormancy of the body and an extreme case is blank

A

torpor, hibernation

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20
Q

three groups of heteretrophs

A

herbivores, omnivores, carnivores

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21
Q

eats hard animals

A

durophagous

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22
Q

substances that an animal cannot manufacture for itself but are necessary for health

A

essential nutrients

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23
Q

four essential nutrients

A

vitamins, amino acids, unsaturated fatty acids, minerals

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24
Q

specialization occurs when the digestive tract has a separate blank and blank

A

mouth, anus

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25
Q

function is absorption in digestive system

A

small intestine

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26
Q

function is to concentrate wastes in digestive system

A

large intestine

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27
Q

function is waste storage and elimination in digestive system

A

cloaca

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28
Q

four accessory organs of digestive system

A

salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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29
Q

pancreas makes this which stops acid from stomach from breaking down the intestines

A

bicarbonate buffer

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30
Q

four layers of gi tracts

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

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31
Q

interior lining of the interior of mucosa

A

lumen

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32
Q

most inside layer of gi tract

A

mucosa

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33
Q

outside mucosa layer

A

submucosa

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34
Q

outside of submucosa layer

A

muscularis

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35
Q

outside of muscularis

A

serosa

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36
Q

outer layer that produces sirrus fluid which lubricates innards so they don’t twist

A

serosa

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37
Q

chewing is also called

A

mastication

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38
Q

teeth are adapted depending on the blank source

A

nutritional

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39
Q

how birds break up food

A

two chambered stomach

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40
Q

muscular chamber that uses ingested pebbles to pulverize food… birds have this

A

gizzard

41
Q

tongue mixes food with blank

A

saliva

42
Q

moistens and lubricates food and has blank which breaks down starch

A

saliva, amylase

43
Q

salivation is controlled by

A

the nervous system

44
Q

these blocks the respiratory tract when swallowing food

A

glottis, epiglottis, larynx

45
Q

muscular action which moves food down to the stomach in the esophagus

A

peristalsis

46
Q

a processed lump of food

A

bolus

47
Q

has a blank layer of muscle for digestion

A

stomach, oblique

48
Q

the stomach has two kinds of secretory cells called

A

parietal and chief

49
Q

secretory cell in the stomach that secretes HCl and intrinsic factor

A

parietal

50
Q

mixture of partially digested food and gastric juice is called blank in stomach

A

chyme

51
Q

chyme leaves the stomach through the blank

A

pyloric sphincter

52
Q

three regions of small intestine

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

53
Q

epithelial wall of small intestine is covered with blank

A

villi

54
Q

how long is small intestin

A

4.5 m

55
Q

increase surface area of small intestine so more nutrients can be grabbed

A

villi

56
Q

villi are covered by blank

A

microvilli

57
Q

increase the surface area of small intestine even more

A

microvilli

58
Q

blank carries products of small intestine

A

blood

59
Q

nothing we eat goes directly to heart or brain… it always go through the blank first

A

liver

60
Q

fatty acids and monoglycerides enter the blank system then later join the blank system

A

lymphatic, circulatory

61
Q

most nutrients are absorbed in the blank

A

small intestine

62
Q

fluid absorption efficiency as humans

A

99%

63
Q

diarrhea occurs from blank

A

not enough absorption by body

64
Q

the large intestine is also called the blank

A

colon

65
Q

two vestigial structures in large intestine

A

appendix and cecum

66
Q

blank percent of absorption occurs in the large intestine

A

4

67
Q

compacted feces are stored in the blank

A

rectum

68
Q

some vertebrates and monotremes have this where the urine and feces meet up

A

cloaca

69
Q

pancreatic fluid is secreted into the blank through the blank

A

duodenum, pancreatic duct

70
Q

proteins are broken down into blank by the pancreas

A

polypeptides

71
Q

polysaccharides are broken down into blank by the pancreas

A

sugars

72
Q

fats are broken down into blank by the pancreas

A

fatty acids/ monoglycerides

73
Q

the body’s largest internal organ

A

liver

74
Q

this secretes bile into the duodenum which is for the emulsification of fats

A

liver

75
Q

breakdown into smaller pieces

A

emulsification

76
Q

this functions by helping the liver by storing the bile and breaking down fats

A

gallbladder

77
Q

removes dead blood cells

A

liver

78
Q

produces most proteins found in plasma

A

liver

79
Q

regulates levels of steroid hormones

A

liver

80
Q

this organ regulates blood glucose

A

pancreas

81
Q

what the pancreas secretes that promotes the deposition of glycogen and fat

A

insulin

82
Q

this breaks down the glycogen and increases blood glucose

A

glucagon

83
Q

this decreases the amount of glucose in the blood

A

insulin

84
Q

All mammals rely on intestinal bacteria to make this

A

vitamin K

85
Q

Birds do not have vitamin K producing bacteria so

A

they have to eat their own vitamin k

86
Q

blank have a four chambered stomach

A

ruminants

87
Q

contents of four chambered stomach can be blank and rechewed called blank

A

regurgitated, rumination

88
Q

horses and rabbits digest cellulose in the blank

A

cecum

89
Q

animals that use a cecum practice blank

A

coprophagy

90
Q

the practice of eating feces to absorb nutrients the second passage of food

A

coprophagy

91
Q

a blank digestive system is less extensive because blank is easily digestible

A

carnivore, meat

92
Q

the stomach releases this which triggers the secretion of HCl and pepsinogen from the gastric glands

A

gastrin

93
Q

blank hormones produce CCK, secretin, and GIP

A

duodenal

94
Q

three hormones produced by duodenal

A

CCK, secretin, GIP

95
Q

stimulates gallbladder contraction and pancreatic enzyme secretion

A

CCK

96
Q

stimulates the secretion of pancreatic bicarbonate

A

Secretin

97
Q

inhibit stomach contractions and prevent additional chyme from entering the duodenum

A

duodenal hormones

98
Q

ingestion of food serves two primary functions

A

energy, raw material

99
Q

is the minimal amount of energy consumed under defined resting conditions

A

basal metabolic rate

AP/College Biology - 1300+ (9 decks)

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