Body Systems Continued Flashcards
decreases blood flow which limits heat loss
vasoconstriction
blank animals have higher metabolism to keep warm
smaller
blank animals have lower metabolic rates to retain heat better
large
tissue that forms the outer protective covering of a plant organ
dermal tissue
fills the interior of a plant organ; photosynthesizes and stores the products of photosynthesis
ground tissue
tissue that transports water and sugar, the product of photosynthesis, in a plant and provides support
vascular tissue
root xylem and phloem are in a ring in the root of a blank
monocot
the root phloem is between the arms of xylem in roots of blank
eudicots
the vascular bundles are scattered in the stems of blank
monocots
the vascular bundles are in a distinct ring in blank
eudicots
a carrot is an example of a blank
taproot
the growth between terminal bud scars is called a blank
twig
use of energy metabolism to produce heat
thermogenesis
thermoregulation is controlled by the blank
hypothalamus
blank is used by us to keep us warm when cold
shivering
in the hypothalamus there is a blank center that kicks in when the body temp increases
heat losing
in the hypothalamus there is a blank center that kicks in when the body temp decreases
heat promoting
these cause a rise in temperature in the body and produce a fever
pyrogens
a state of dormancy of the body and an extreme case is blank
torpor, hibernation
three groups of heteretrophs
herbivores, omnivores, carnivores
eats hard animals
durophagous
substances that an animal cannot manufacture for itself but are necessary for health
essential nutrients
four essential nutrients
vitamins, amino acids, unsaturated fatty acids, minerals
specialization occurs when the digestive tract has a separate blank and blank
mouth, anus
function is absorption in digestive system
small intestine
function is to concentrate wastes in digestive system
large intestine
function is waste storage and elimination in digestive system
cloaca
four accessory organs of digestive system
salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
pancreas makes this which stops acid from stomach from breaking down the intestines
bicarbonate buffer
four layers of gi tracts
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa
interior lining of the interior of mucosa
lumen
most inside layer of gi tract
mucosa
outside mucosa layer
submucosa
outside of submucosa layer
muscularis
outside of muscularis
serosa
outer layer that produces sirrus fluid which lubricates innards so they don’t twist
serosa
chewing is also called
mastication
teeth are adapted depending on the blank source
nutritional
how birds break up food
two chambered stomach
muscular chamber that uses ingested pebbles to pulverize food… birds have this
gizzard
tongue mixes food with blank
saliva
moistens and lubricates food and has blank which breaks down starch
saliva, amylase
salivation is controlled by
the nervous system
these blocks the respiratory tract when swallowing food
glottis, epiglottis, larynx
muscular action which moves food down to the stomach in the esophagus
peristalsis
a processed lump of food
bolus
has a blank layer of muscle for digestion
stomach, oblique
the stomach has two kinds of secretory cells called
parietal and chief
secretory cell in the stomach that secretes HCl and intrinsic factor
parietal
mixture of partially digested food and gastric juice is called blank in stomach
chyme
chyme leaves the stomach through the blank
pyloric sphincter
three regions of small intestine
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
epithelial wall of small intestine is covered with blank
villi
how long is small intestin
4.5 m
increase surface area of small intestine so more nutrients can be grabbed
villi
villi are covered by blank
microvilli
increase the surface area of small intestine even more
microvilli
blank carries products of small intestine
blood
nothing we eat goes directly to heart or brain… it always go through the blank first
liver
fatty acids and monoglycerides enter the blank system then later join the blank system
lymphatic, circulatory
most nutrients are absorbed in the blank
small intestine
fluid absorption efficiency as humans
99%
diarrhea occurs from blank
not enough absorption by body
the large intestine is also called the blank
colon
two vestigial structures in large intestine
appendix and cecum
blank percent of absorption occurs in the large intestine
4
compacted feces are stored in the blank
rectum
some vertebrates and monotremes have this where the urine and feces meet up
cloaca
pancreatic fluid is secreted into the blank through the blank
duodenum, pancreatic duct
proteins are broken down into blank by the pancreas
polypeptides
polysaccharides are broken down into blank by the pancreas
sugars
fats are broken down into blank by the pancreas
fatty acids/ monoglycerides
the body’s largest internal organ
liver
this secretes bile into the duodenum which is for the emulsification of fats
liver
breakdown into smaller pieces
emulsification
this functions by helping the liver by storing the bile and breaking down fats
gallbladder
removes dead blood cells
liver
produces most proteins found in plasma
liver
regulates levels of steroid hormones
liver
this organ regulates blood glucose
pancreas
what the pancreas secretes that promotes the deposition of glycogen and fat
insulin
this breaks down the glycogen and increases blood glucose
glucagon
this decreases the amount of glucose in the blood
insulin
All mammals rely on intestinal bacteria to make this
vitamin K
Birds do not have vitamin K producing bacteria so
they have to eat their own vitamin k
blank have a four chambered stomach
ruminants
contents of four chambered stomach can be blank and rechewed called blank
regurgitated, rumination
horses and rabbits digest cellulose in the blank
cecum
animals that use a cecum practice blank
coprophagy
the practice of eating feces to absorb nutrients the second passage of food
coprophagy
a blank digestive system is less extensive because blank is easily digestible
carnivore, meat
the stomach releases this which triggers the secretion of HCl and pepsinogen from the gastric glands
gastrin
blank hormones produce CCK, secretin, and GIP
duodenal
three hormones produced by duodenal
CCK, secretin, GIP
stimulates gallbladder contraction and pancreatic enzyme secretion
CCK
stimulates the secretion of pancreatic bicarbonate
Secretin
inhibit stomach contractions and prevent additional chyme from entering the duodenum
duodenal hormones
ingestion of food serves two primary functions
energy, raw material
is the minimal amount of energy consumed under defined resting conditions
basal metabolic rate
