Body & Body Systems Continued

Question 1

blank tissue does not grow back

Answer 1

brain

Question 2

blank output is the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute

Answer 2

cardiac

Question 3

blank increases during exertion because of an increase in both heart rate and stroke volume

Answer 3

cardiac output

Question 4

the blood consists of blank which is the matrix

Answer 4

plasma

Question 5

blank is the second biggest part of blood

Answer 5

red blood cells

Question 6

blank is the third biggest part of blood

Answer 6

platelets

Question 7

blank is the smallest part of blood

Answer 7

white blood cells

Question 8

three functions of circulating blood

Answer 8

transportation, regulation and protection

Question 9

plasma is blank percent water

Answer 9

92

Question 10

five solutes in plasma

Answer 10

nutrients, wastes, hormones, ions, proteins

Question 11

plasma is called blank when proteins are removed

Answer 11

serum

Question 12

blank are also called red blood cells

Answer 12

erythrocytes

Question 13

red blood cells of vertebrates contain blank

Answer 13

hemoglobin

Question 14

a pigment that binds and transports oxygen

Answer 14

hemoglobin

Question 15

these cells in blood are larger than erythrocytes and have nuclei and can migrate out of capillaries

Answer 15

leukocytes

Question 16

cell fragments that pinch off from larger cells in the bone marrow

Answer 16

platelets

Question 17

function in the formation of blood clots

Answer 17

platelets

Question 18

all of the formed elements of blood develop from blank stem cells

Answer 18

pluripotent

Question 19

blank is blood cell production

Answer 19

hematopoiesis

Question 20

red blood cell production is called blank

Answer 20

erythropoiesis

Question 21

maintaining blank balance involves taking and giving water to/from the environment and exchanging solutes which maintains blank

Answer 21

osmotic, homeostasis

Question 22

the measure of a solution’s tendency to take in water by osmosis

Answer 22

osmotic pressure

Question 23

the measure of a solution’s ability to change the volume of a cell by osmosis

Answer 23

tonicity

Question 24

three types of tonicity

Answer 24

hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic

Question 25

equal water exchange with surroundings

Answer 25

isotonic

Question 26

water always moves from blank to blank

Answer 26

hypo to hyper

Question 27

organisms that are in osmotic equilibrium with their environment

Answer 27

osmoconformers

Question 28

most marine invertebrates and Chondrichthyes are blank

Answer 28

osmoconformers

Question 29

maintain a constant blood osmolarity different than their environment

Answer 29

osmoregulators

Question 30

most vertebrates are these and all terrestrial animals are these

Answer 30

osmoregulators

Question 31

produced when amino acids and nucleic acids are broken down

Answer 31

nitrogenous wastes

Question 32

in nitrogenous wastes, the blank group is removed which forms blank

Answer 32

amino, ammonia

Question 33

blank are only safe in dilute concentrations, it must be eliminated

Answer 33

nitrogenous wastes

Question 34

excessive accumulation of ammonia derivatives in joints causes blank in humans

Answer 34

gout

Question 35

these animals eliminate ammonia by diffusion via gills

Answer 35

bony fishes and baby amphibians

Question 36

Chondrichthyes, adult amphibians, and mammals convert ammonia into blank which dissolves into blank to get rid of nitrogenous wastes

Answer 36

urea, water

Question 37

birds, reptiles, and insects convert ammonia into the water insoluble blank that uses blank but does not need blank

Answer 37

uric acid, carbon, water

Question 38

a variety of mechanisms have evolved. one is a contractive blank that is used by protists.

Answer 38

vacuoles

Question 39

these pump out water to ensure cell does not burst

Answer 39

vacuoles

Question 40

nitrogenous wastes are excreted through the blank when there is a vacuole present

Answer 40

membrane

Question 41

blank use specialized cells and tubules to get rid of nitrogenous wastes

Answer 41

invertebrates

Question 42

blank are a network of tubes which branch into bulblike blank cells

Answer 42

protonephridia, flame

Question 43

blank remove solutes and excess water from body in flatworms

Answer 43

flame cells

Question 44

blank open to the outside of the body through a pore in flatworms

Answer 44

protonephridia

Question 45

earthworms use blank to get rid of nitrogenous wastes

Answer 45

nephridia

Question 46

there is how many nephridia on each segment

Answer 46

one

Question 47

a series of convoluted tubules that remove excess water and solutes from blood and produce urine

Answer 47

nephridia

Question 48

urine is excreted through a blank in earthworms

Answer 48

pore

Question 49

how insects get rid of nitrogenous wastes

Answer 49

malpighian tubules

Question 50

create an osmotic gradient that draws water into the tubules by osmosis in insects

Answer 50

malpighian tubules

Question 51

blank and blank are secreted into tubules by active transport in insects

Answer 51

h20, K+

Question 52

water and potassium is blank into the open circulatory system through the hindgut

Answer 52

reabsorbed

Question 53

cartilaginous fish are blank to seawater

Answer 53

isotonic

Question 54

shark blood has blank times the amount of urea as a mammal

Answer 54

100

Question 55

the blank concentration in blood is equal to that of the sea water in sharks

Answer 55

solute

Question 56

sharks actually blank the urea instead of excreted

Answer 56

reabsorbs

Question 57

blank are hypotonic to seawater

Answer 57

saltwater bony fish

Question 58

water leaves saltwater bony fish and does blank across its gills

Answer 58

osmosis

Question 59

saltwater bony fish drink a lot of blank

Answer 59

seawater

Question 60

saltwater bony fish have seawater blank that become dissolved in the blank

Answer 60

ions, blood

Question 61

saltwater bony fish actively blank ions across the gill surface

Answer 61

eliminate

Question 62

saltwater bony fishes have blank

Answer 62

kidneys

Question 63

freshwater bony fish are blank to fresh water

Answer 63

hypertonic

Question 64

the blank of freshwater bony fish produces large amounts of dilute urine

Answer 64

kidney

Question 65

freshwater bony fish blank ions across blank

Answer 65

reabsorb, nephrons

Question 66

blank reptiles absorb much of the salt and water in their blood in their kidney

Answer 66

terrestrial

Question 67

terrestrial reptiles move the dilute blank into the blank

Answer 67

urine, cloaca

Question 68

blank is reabsorbed in the cloaca of terrestrial reptiles

Answer 68

water

Question 69

blank and blank are the only vertebrates that can produce urine that is hypertonic

Answer 69

mammals, birds

Question 70

urine is produced from the blood in blank

Answer 70

nephrons

Question 71

blood is carried into the blank of nephron

Answer 71

glomerulus

Question 72

the glomerulus does what

Answer 72

filters out blood

Question 73

filtrate enters the blank in the nephron

Answer 73

bowman’s capsule

Question 74

unfiltered blood blanks in the nephron

Answer 74

drains out

Question 75

filtrate moves through the blank in the nephron

Answer 75

renal tubules

Question 76

when filtrate exits the collecting blank it is now blank

Answer 76

duct, urine

Question 77

three step process of nephron function

Answer 77

filtration, reabsorption, secretion

Question 78

blood plasma is filtered out of the glomerulus into the tubule system

Answer 78

filtration

Question 79

selective movement of substances out of the filtrate back into the blood

Answer 79

reabsorption

Question 80

active movement of substances from the blood into the filtrate

Answer 80

secretion

Question 81

three things in urine

Answer 81

hydrogen, potassium, toxins

Question 82

six things reabsorbed in nephron

Answer 82

h2o, na, cl, K, Ca, HCO3

Question 83

kidneys regulate blank balance in the blood by reabsorption and secretion

Answer 83

electrolyte

Question 84

blank eliminate toxins and metabolic wastes

Answer 84

kidneys

Question 85

maintain relatively constant levels of blood, volume, pressure, and osmolarity

Answer 85

kidneys

Question 86

blank hormone is secreted by the blank gland

Answer 86

antidiuretic, pituitary

Question 87

antidiuretic hormone is stimulated by an increase in the blank of blood

Answer 87

osmolarity

Question 88

antidiuretic hormone causes walls of blank tubule and collecting ducts to become more blank to water

Answer 88

distal, permeable

Question 89

antidiuretic hormone blanks reabsorption of water

Answer 89

increases

Question 90

this hormone is secreted by the adrenal cortex

Answer 90

aldosterone

Question 91

the release of aldosterone is stimulated by low levels of blank in the blood

Answer 91

Na+

Question 92

aldosterone causes the blank tubule to blank Na+

Answer 92

distal, reabsorb

Question 93

marine reptiles and birds drink blank and excrete blank urine

Answer 93

seawater, isotonic

Question 94

some marine reptiles and birds eliminate excess salt through blank glands through their nose

Answer 94

salt

Question 95

Three levels of defenses of vertebrates

Answer 95

integumentary, nonspecific immune system, specific immune system

Question 96

defense of vertebrates that includes skin and mucous membranes provide first line of defense

Answer 96

integumentary

Question 97

defense of vertebrate that acts very rapidly after onset of infection

Answer 97

nonspecific immune system

Question 98

vertebrate line of defense that recognizes germs and destroys them

Answer 98

specific immune system

Question 99

largest body organ

Answer 99

skin

Question 100

how many layers of skin

Answer 100

two

Question 101

how many layers of epidermis

Answer 101

5 layers

Question 102

how many cells thick is epidermis

Answer 102

10-30 cells

Question 103

epidermis contains blank which makes skin tough and water resistant

Answer 103

keratin

Question 104

oil and sweat glands give skin a PH of blank to blank

Answer 104

5-Mar

Question 105

this breaks down bacterial cell walls in the epidermis

Answer 105

lysozyme

Question 106

contains 2 layers of connective tissue and is 15-40 times thicker than epidermis

Answer 106

dermis

Question 107

provides structural support for epidermis, and matrix for blood vessels, muscles and nerve endings

Answer 107

dermis

Question 108

these three tracts are lined by mucous membranes

Answer 108

digestive, respiratory, urogenital

Question 109

this tissue secretes mucus which traps blank

Answer 109

epithelial tissue, microbes

Question 110

this consists of cellular and chemical devices that respond to any microbial infection and is a rapid response

Answer 110

nonspecific immunity

Question 111

three types of blank are the most important nonspecific defense

Answer 111

leukocytes

Question 112

means big eater and is a large/irregularly shaped and kills microbes by phagocytosis and is a leukocyte

Answer 112

macrophages

Question 113

the most abundant type of circulating leukocytes and first appear at site of infection, also eat by phagocytosis

Answer 113

neutrophils

Question 114

type of leukocyte that destroys pathogen-infected and cancer cells by programmed cell death called blank

Answer 114

natural killer lymphocytes, apoptosis

Question 115

blank involves several body systems and is when injured cells dilate and increase permeability

Answer 115

inflammation

Question 116

blank promotes phagocyte accumulation

Answer 116

inflammation

Question 117

redness, warmth, swelling, and pain are all signs of blank

Answer 117

inflammation

Question 118

inflammation is accompanied by an blank manifested by increased temp

Answer 118

acute phase response

Question 119

this promotes activity of phagocytes, while impeding microbial growth

Answer 119

acute phase response

Question 120

The scientific study of immunity began with who in this year

Answer 120

Edward Jenner, 1796

Question 121

Jenner observed that milkmaids had blank rarely got blank

Answer 121

cowpox (mild), smallpox (severe)

Question 122

Jenner blank individuals from cowpox vesicles to protect them from smallpox which started blank

Answer 122

vaccinated, vaccination

Question 123

the four characteristics of the specific or blank immune responses are

Answer 123

specificity, diversity, memory, ability to distinguish self from non self

Question 124

a molecule that provokes a specific immune response

Answer 124

antigens

Question 125

proteins and blank are found on the surface of cells

Answer 125

glycoproteins

Question 126

antigens have specific regions of detection known as blank

Answer 126

epitopes

Question 127

blank direct an immune response against either the antigen or the cell that carries it

Answer 127

lymphocytes

Question 128

when a lymphocyte binds to a specific antigen for the first time, it activates blank

Answer 128

clonal selection

Question 129

two lymphocytes that detect and fight antigens are

Answer 129

B cells and t cells

Question 130

lymphocyte that responds to antigens by secreting blank, or antibodies

Answer 130

B cells, immunoglobulins

Question 131

B cells produce this immunity

Answer 131

humoral (long range)

Question 132

lymphocytes that directly attack cells that carry specific antigens

Answer 132

t cells

Question 133

T cells produce this immunity

Answer 133

cell mediated immunity (close range combat)

Question 134

organs of the immune system consist of these two organs

Answer 134

primary lymphoid, secondary lymphoid

Question 135

organs of the immune system where cells grow and mature

Answer 135

primary lymphoid

Question 136

bone marrow and thymus are blank organs

Answer 136

primary lymphoid organs

Question 137

in these organs, cells move there to expose themselves to antigens

Answer 137

secondary lymphoid organs

Question 138

lymph nodes and spleen are examples of these organs

Answer 138

secondary lymphoid

Question 139

the blank is the site of B cell maturation

Answer 139

bone marrow

Question 140

each B cell has many blank molecules on its surface

Answer 140

lg

Question 141

B cells recognize antigens blank

Answer 141

directly

Question 142

any lymphocyte that binds to self-antigens undergo blank

Answer 142

apoptosis

Question 143

the blank is the site of T cell maturation

Answer 143

thymus

Question 144

each T cell has many blank on its surface

Answer 144

T cell receptors

Question 145

just like B cells, any lymphocytes that bind to self antigens undergo blank

Answer 145

apoptosis

Question 146

the location of secondary lymphoid organs promote the blank of antigens that enter any part of an individual’s body

Answer 146

filtering

Question 147

mature b and T cells become activated in the blank

Answer 147

lymph nodes

Question 148

the blank is the site of immune responses to antigens found mainly in the blood

Answer 148

spleen

Question 149

include the tonsils and appendix and is a secondary lymphoid organs

Answer 149

MALT

Question 150

nonspecific immune cell ingests virus or cancer cell and presents the antigen and is because of T cells

Answer 150

cell mediated immunity

Question 151

T cells destroy the cells with blank antigens

Answer 151

foreign

Question 152

type of immunity with B cells where activation results in clonal expansion into blank and blank cells

Answer 152

humoral immunity, plasma cells, memory cells

Question 153

these are also called antibodies

Answer 153

immunoglobulins

Question 154

consists of four chains forming a y shaped molecule

Answer 154

antibody

Question 155

each chain of y shaped molecule has a blank

Answer 155

antigen binding site

Question 156

each Ig can bind blank identical antigens

Answer 156

2

Question 157

how many classes of immunoglobulins

Answer 157

five

Question 158

the first encounter with a foreign antigen is called the

Answer 158

primary immune response

Question 159

only few b or T cells recognize the antigen in this response

Answer 159

primary immune response

Question 160

during this response there is a large clone of memory cells that can recognize the antigen

Answer 160

secondary immune response

Question 161

this response is more effective

Answer 161

secondary immune response

Question 162

the acceptance of self cells is known as blank

Answer 162

immune tolerance

Question 163

these diseases are caused by the failure of immune tolerance

Answer 163

autoimmune diseases

Question 164

autoimmune disease result in activation of autoreactive blank cells and the production of autoantibodies by blank cells

Answer 164

t, b

Question 165

these diseases cause inflammation and organ damage

Answer 165

autoimmune diseases

Question 166

a blank refers to a greatly heightened response to a foreign antigen

Answer 166

allergy

Question 167

the most common type of allergen is known as immediate blank

Answer 167

hypersensitivity

Question 168

blank cells are activated to secrete antibodies on the initial exposure to an allergen

Answer 168

b

Question 169

blank cells release histamine and other inflammatory mediators

Answer 169

mast

Question 170

producing histamines produce blank of allergy

Answer 170

symptoms

Question 171

People may have blank antigens, blank antigens or neither with is called blank, or both called blank in blood

Answer 171

A, B, O, AB

Question 172

antigens are fought and killed by blank

Answer 172

antibodies

Question 173

some pathogens can alter their surface blank to avoid immune system detection

Answer 173

antigens

Question 174

2 surface proteins of influenza virus

Answer 174

antigenic drift, antigenic shift

Question 175

surface protein that point mutations to the genes that express antigen epitopes

Answer 175

antigenic drift

Question 176

surface protein that sudden appearance of a new virus subtype where proteins are completely different due to antigenic drift

Answer 176

antigenic shift

Question 177

this virus mounts a direct attack on T cells

Answer 177

hiv

Question 178

hiv binds to cd4 proteins on t and is blank

Answer 178

endocytosed

Question 179

an individual is considered to have blank when their T cell level has dropped significantly

Answer 179

aids

Question 180

blank results in an increase in opportunistic infections and cancers

Answer 180

immunosuppression

Question 181

all animals must be able to respond to blank stimuli

Answer 181

environmental

Question 182

these detect stimuli like light, heat, touch

Answer 182

sensory receptors

Question 183

photoreceptors, chemoreceptors are examples of blank receptors

Answer 183

sensory

Question 184

blank respond to stimuli

Answer 184

motor

Question 185

muscles and glands are blank

Answer 185

motor effectors

Question 186

the blank system links sensory and motor

Answer 186

nervous

Question 187

three types of neurons

Answer 187

motor, sensory, interneurons

Question 188

carry impulses to CNS and are neurons

Answer 188

sensory

Question 189

neurons that carry impulses from CNS to effectors

Answer 189

motor neurons

Question 190

neurons that provide more complex reflexes and associateive functions

Answer 190

interneurons

Question 191

the majority of neurons are blank

Answer 191

interneurons

Question 192

learning and memory comes from these neurons

Answer 192

interneurons

Question 193

these support the neurons

Answer 193

neuroglia

Question 194

blank are multiple layers of cell membranes wrapped around axons

Answer 194

myelin sheath

Question 195

myelinated axons are formed from blank matter

Answer 195

white

Question 196

dendrites/cell bodies form from blank matter

Answer 196

gray

Question 197

white matter and gray matter make up the blank

Answer 197

CNS

Question 198

myelinated axons are bundled to form nerves in the blank

Answer 198

pns

Question 199

myelinated axons are bundled to form blank

Answer 199

nerves