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AP/College Biology - 1300+ > Body & Body Systems > Flashcards

Body & Body Systems Flashcards

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2
Q

Three types of skeletons

A

hydrostatic skeletons, exoskeletons, endoskeletons

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3
Q

changes in movement occur because muscles pull against a support structure called the blank system

A

skeletal

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4
Q

skeleton found primarily in soft bodied invertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic

A

hydrostatic

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5
Q

worms have a blank muscle and blank muscle to move

A

circular, longitudinal, locomotion

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6
Q

jellyfish produce blank in their bell to move

A

pulsations

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7
Q

muscular contractions in squids that expel water forcefully through the siphon and the animal shoots backward… this is called blank

A

jetting

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8
Q

exoskeletons of arthropods are made by the carbohydrate called

A

chitin

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9
Q

these must be shed because they limit body size that provides protection for internal organs and a site for muscle attachment

A

exoskeleton

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10
Q

rigid internal skeletons that form the body’s framework and offer surfaces for muscle attachment

A

endoskeletons

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11
Q

echinoderms endoskeltons are made of blank

A

calcite

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12
Q

the vertebrate endoskeleton is divided into the blank and blank skeletons

A

axial, appendicular

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13
Q

skeleton that is the axis of the body

A

axial

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14
Q

skeleton that is the limb bones and girdles

A

appendicular

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15
Q

this skeleton supports the body and protects internal organs

A

axial

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16
Q

skeleton that has pectoral girdle and forelimbs and pelvic girdle and hindlimbs

A

appendicular

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17
Q

endoskeletons are made of blank and blank

A

bone, cartilage

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18
Q

bone and cartilage are blank tissues

A

living

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19
Q

bone and cartilage are blank tissue

A

connective

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20
Q

Two cells that produce bone and cartilage

A

mesenchyme and fibroblasts

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21
Q

stem cell that differentiates into all other connective tissue cells

A

mesenchyme

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22
Q

flexible but resilient connective tissue

A

cartilage

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23
Q

cell types that contribute to producing cartilage

A

chondroblasts and chondrocytes

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24
Q

these cells make new cartilage

A

chondroblasts

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25
Q

these cells maintain existing cartilage

A

chondrocytes

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26
Q

hard but resilient connective tissue that is unique to vertebrates

A

bone

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27
Q

three cell types that contribute to producing bone

A

osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

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28
Q

cells that make new bone

A

osteoblasts

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29
Q

cells that maintain existing bone

A

osteocytes

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30
Q

cells that break down existing bone

A

osteoclasts

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31
Q

Two ways bone can develop

A

from mesenchyme or from a previous cartilage model

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32
Q

osteoblasts blank bone devlopment and change into blank

A

start, osteocytes

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33
Q

osteocytes reside in the blank

A

bone matrix

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34
Q

osteocytes reside in the bone matrix in spaces called blank and communicate through little canals called blank

A

lacunae, canaliculi

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35
Q

the blank lines the outside of the bone to protect it

A

periosteum

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36
Q

bone falls into two categories based on density and structure…

A

compact bone and spongy bone

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37
Q

category of bone that is the outer dense layer and has internal organization called the blank system

A

compact, Haversian

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38
Q

category of bone that has a honeycomb structure and forms the blank inside a thick shell of a compact bone

A

spongy, epiphyses

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39
Q

mammals bones that retain internal blood vessels called

A

vasular bone

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40
Q

bird and fish bones are blank and blank

A

avascular and acellular

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41
Q

vascular bone has blank

A

osteocytes

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42
Q

small forces may not have a great effect on this but larger forces can initiate this by osteoblasts

A

remodeling

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43
Q

are the locations where one bone meets another

A

joints

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44
Q

three types of joints

A

immovable, slightly movable, freely movable

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45
Q

joints that join bones

A

immovable joints

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46
Q

example of immovable joints

A

cracks that join skull together

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47
Q

joints that involve fibrous connective tissue or cartilage

A

slightly movable joints

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48
Q

joints that are also called synovial joints and contain a lubricating fluid and a cavity

A

freely movable

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49
Q

another name fore freely movable joints

A

synovial joints

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50
Q

example of freely movable joint

A

ball and socket joints

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51
Q

these joints permit movement in all directions

A

ball and socket

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52
Q

four types of movable joints

A

hinge, gliding, combination,

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53
Q

joints that allow movement in only one plane

A

hinge joints

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54
Q

joint that permit sliding of one surface over another

A

gliding

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55
Q

example of gliding joint

A

spine

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56
Q

joints that allow rotation and side to side sliding

A

combination joints

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57
Q

two ways that skeletal muscle fibers are attached to the periosteum of bones

A

directly or by a tendon

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58
Q

during contraction of muscle movement the blank remains stationary

A

origin

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59
Q

during muscle movement, the blank is attached to a bone that moves when the muscle contracts

A

insertion

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60
Q

skeletal muscles occur in blank pairs

A

antagonistic

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61
Q

muscle group causing an action

A

agonist

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62
Q

muscle group that counters movement

A

antagonist

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63
Q

the force of contraction remains relatively constant as the muscle shorten in length

A

isotonic

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64
Q

the length of the muscle does not change as force is exerted

A

isometric contraction

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65
Q

each skeletal muscle contains numerous cells called blank

A

fibers

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66
Q

fibers are organized into bundles called

A

fascicles

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67
Q

set of myofibrils are arrange in parallel known as blank

A

sarcomeres

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68
Q

two types of filaments

A

thick and thin

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69
Q

each blank has a thin and thick filament

A

sarcomere

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70
Q

each sarcomere has two blank lines

A

z

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71
Q

myofilaments do not blank

A

shorten

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72
Q

the blank mechanism is how muscles contract

A

sliding filament

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73
Q

a thick filament is composed of several blank subunits packed together

A

myosin

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74
Q

myosin consists of two blank chains wrapped around eachother

A

polypeptide

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75
Q

a blank filament is composed of two chains of blank proteins twisted together in a helix

A

thin, actin

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76
Q

myosin head attaches to the blank site of the actin

A

binding

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77
Q

blank causes the myosin to flex and pull on the actin

A

atp

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78
Q

the blank filaments slide inward

A

thin

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79
Q

in order for muscle to contract, blank must be removed by blank

A

tropomyosin, troponin

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80
Q

a muscle fiber is stimulated to contract by blank neurons

A

motor

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81
Q

neurons cause the muscle fiber membrane to become blank

A

depolarized

82
Q

neurons cause blank to enter the muscle

A

sodium

83
Q

neurons stimulate the release of blank from the blank

A

Ca2+, sarcoplasmic reticulum

84
Q

a blank unit consists of a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates

A

motor

85
Q

blank is the cumulative increase in the number of motor units stimulated which leads to a stronger contraction

A

recruitment

86
Q

a muscle stimulated with a single impulse quickly contracts and relaxes

A

twitch

87
Q

is a cumulative response when a second twitch “piggy-backs” on the first

A

summation

88
Q

no relaxation between twitches, sustained contraction is produced

A

tetanus

89
Q

two types of speed of skeletal muscle fibers

A

slow twitch, fast twitch

90
Q

these muscle fibers are rich in capillaries, mitochondria and myoglobin, they sustain action for long periods of time

A

slow twitch

91
Q

known as red fibers of muscle fibers

A

slow twitch

92
Q

known as white fibers of muscle fibers

A

fast twitch

93
Q

poor in capillaries mitochondira and myoglobin and adapted for rapid power generation muscle fibers

A

fast twitch

94
Q

locomotion that is produced by appendages that oscillate

A

appendicular

95
Q

locomotion that is produced by bodies that undulate, pulse, or undergo peristaltic waves

A

axial

96
Q

Two constraints of movement

A

gravity, functional drag

97
Q

two types of locomotion in large animals

A

appendicular, axial

98
Q

water’s blank reduces the effects of gravity

A

buoyancy

99
Q

uses hydraulic propulsion

A

squid

100
Q

all aquatic vertebrates blank

A

swim

101
Q

is using the body or its appendages to push against the water

A

swimming

102
Q

terrestrial locomotion deals mostly with blank

A

gravity

103
Q

mollusks glide along a path of blank for locomotion

A

mucus

104
Q

vertebrates and arthropods have a blank body and move forward by pushing against the ground with blank

A

raised, jointed appendages

105
Q

Flight has evolved in animals blank times and they were

A

four, insects, pterosaurs, birds, bats

106
Q

animals that use locomotion in air have blank bones and blank transformed into wings

A

lightened, forelimbs

107
Q

gases diffuse directly into blank organisms

A

unicellular

108
Q

specialized extensions of tissue that project into water

A

gills

109
Q

blank gills are outside the body

A

external

110
Q

two disadvantages of external gills

A

easily damaged, constant movement to contact oxygen rich water

111
Q

gills of bony fishes are located between the blank and blank cavities

A

opercular, oral

112
Q

blank function as pumps that alternatively expand

A

cavities

113
Q

there are blank on each side of a fish’s head

A

gill arches

114
Q

each gill arch is composed of two rows of blank which consist of blank

A

gill filaments, lamellae

115
Q

blood flow opposite to direction of water and maximizes oxygenation of blood

A

countercurrent flow

116
Q

air ducts in arthropods are called blank and branch into very small blank

A

trachea, tracheoles

117
Q

blank can be opened or close by valves that are openings in exoskeleton

A

spiracles

118
Q

many amphibians use for gas exchange and breathe through skin this way

A

cutaneous respiration

119
Q

gills were replaced in terrestrial animals because blank is less supportive than blank and blank evaporates

A

air, water, water

120
Q

the blank minimizes evaporation by moving air through a branched tubular passage

A

lung

121
Q

pressure is measured in blank

A

atmospheres

122
Q

air exerts pressure blank

A

downward

123
Q

lungs of amphibians are formed from outpouchings of the blank

A

gut

124
Q

frogs have blank breathing

A

positive pressure

125
Q

amphibians breathe by creating a positive pressure in the blank cavity

A

buccal

126
Q

reptiles and mammals have blank breathing

A

negative pressure

127
Q

blank cage expands by muscular contractions

A

thoracic

128
Q

air rushes inside blank to fill the empty space in neg pressure breathing

A

lungs

129
Q

empty space in breathing equals blank pressure

A

lower

130
Q

in and out the same direction is what kind of flow

A

two directional

131
Q

lungs of mammals are packed with millions of blank

A

alveoli

132
Q

inhaled air passes through the blank

A

trachea

133
Q

air bifurcates into the right and left blank

A

bronchi

134
Q

each lung subdivides into blank

A

bronchioles

135
Q

extensive capillary network in lungs

A

bronchioles

136
Q

blank is where gas exchange occurs in lungs

A

alveoli

137
Q

lungs of birds channel air through very tiny air vessels called blank

A

parabronchi

138
Q

animal with best respiration

A

bird

139
Q

birds have blank flow of air

A

unidirectional

140
Q

in cycle blank of bird lungs inhaled air is drawn from the trachea into posterior air sacs and exhaled into lungs

A

1

141
Q

in cycle blank of lungs of birds air is drawn from the lungs into anterior air sacs and exhaled through trachea

A

2

142
Q

blank air does not need to be exhaled before blank air can be inhaled in bird lungs

A

deoxygenated, oxygenated

143
Q

gas exchange is driven by blank

A

partial pressures

144
Q

the pressure of one component of a solution

A

partial pressure

145
Q

veins carry blank blood blank in CO2

A

deoxygenated, high

146
Q

arteries carry blank blood with blank CO2 concentration

A

oxygenated, low

147
Q

thoracic volume blank through the contraction of muscles

A

increases

148
Q

contraction of the external blank muscles expands the rib cage when breathing

A

intercostal

149
Q

contraction of the blank expands the volume of thorax and lungs

A

diaphragm

150
Q

this blank pressure draws air into the lungs

A

negative

151
Q

thorax volume decreases due to blank

A

elasticity

152
Q

blank are sensitive to blood co2 changes in order to regulate breathing

A

neurons

153
Q

a rise in Pco2 causes increased production of blank

A

carbonic acid

154
Q

blank consists of four polypeptide chains

A

hemoglobin

155
Q

hemoglobin loads up with oxygen in the blank

A

lungs

156
Q

co2 moves from the blank into the blank

A

cells, blood

157
Q

sponges, cnidarians, and nematodes lack a blank system

A

circulatory

158
Q

blank are so thin that the digestive system is used as the circulatory system

A

nematodes

159
Q

no distinction between circulating and extracellular fluid

A

open circulatory system

160
Q

fluid in open circulatory systems

A

hemolymph

161
Q

blank animals require a separate circulatory system for nutrient and waste transport

A

larger

162
Q

distinct circulatory fluid enclosed in blood vessels and transported away from and back to the heart

A

close circulatory system

163
Q

blank evolved a true chamber pump heart

A

fishes

164
Q

first chamber of heart of fish consists of the blank and blank, the second consists of the blank and blank

A

sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, conus arteriosus

165
Q

lungs requires a second pumping circuit called blank

A

double circulation

166
Q

blank circulation moves blood between the heart and lungs

A

pulmonary

167
Q

blank circulation moves blood between the heart and the rest of the body

A

systemic

168
Q

the three chambers of a frogs heart

A

two atria and one ventricle

169
Q

oxygenated and deoxygenated blood blank in frogs

A

mix

170
Q

amphibians obtain additional oxygen by blank through their skin

A

diffusion

171
Q

blank and blank have a four chambered heart

A

mammals and archosaurs

172
Q

this is in the heart and recieves deoxygenated blood from the body and delivers it to the right ventricle which pumps it into the lungs

A

right atrium

173
Q

the heart has two pairs of blank valves

A

cardiac

174
Q

valves that guard the openings between atria and ventricles

A

atrioventricular

175
Q

valves in the heart that guard the exits from the ventricles to the arterial system

A

semilunar

176
Q

blank valve is on the right and is semilunar

A

pulmonary

177
Q

blank carries oxygen rich blood from the left ventricle to all parts of the body

A

aorta

178
Q

the blank empty oxygen poor blood into the right atrium in the heart

A

vena cavae

179
Q

these deliver deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the right and left lungs

A

pulmonary arteries

180
Q

blank return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

A

pulmonary veins

181
Q

in the blank circuit, arteries bring deoxygenated blood away from heart

A

pulmonary

182
Q

in the blank system, the arteries bring oxygenated blood away from heart

A

systemic

183
Q

blank arteries supply the heart muscle itself

A

coronary

184
Q

cardiac cycle of rest

A

diastole

185
Q

cardiac cycle of contraction

A

systole

186
Q

the heart contracts starting at the blank node

A

sinoatrial

187
Q

the sinoatrial node is located in the blank atrium and causes heartbeat and acts as a pacemaker

A

right

188
Q

blank are the finest, microscopic branches of the arterial tree

A

arterioles

189
Q

blood from arterioles go into blank

A

capillaries

190
Q

blood is collected into blank which lead to blank

A

venules, veins

191
Q

four tissue layers of arteries and veins

A

endothelium, elastic fibers, smooth muscle, connective tissue

192
Q

blank are composed of only a single layer of endothelial cells

A

capillaries

193
Q

allow exchange of gases and fluid and cell exchange

A

capillaires

194
Q

contraction of the smooth muscle layer results in blank

A

vasoconstriction

195
Q

vasoconstriction can result in blank

A

hypertenstion (high blood pressure)

196
Q

relaxation of the smooth muscle layer results in blank

A

vasodilation

197
Q

veins and venules return blood to the heart with the help of blank contractions

A

skeletal muscle

198
Q

myocardial infarcations

A

heart attack

199
Q

main cause of cardiovascular deaths in US and happens from an insufficient supply of blood to heart

A

heart attack

200
Q

interference with blood supply to the brain, a cardiovascular disease

A

stroke

AP/College Biology - 1300+ (9 decks)

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