Body & Body Systems Continued Again

Question 1

a blank exists across every neuron’s plasma membrane

Answer 1

potential difference

Question 2

cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane is blank

Answer 2

negative

Question 3

extracellular fluid side is blank in a plasma membrane

Answer 3

positive

Question 4

cytoplasm is negatively charged because of this

Answer 4

sodium potassium pump

Question 5

sodium potassium pump brings two blank into cell for every three blank pumped out

Answer 5

K+, Na+

Question 6

away from poles and toward neutral in terms of voltage

Answer 6

depolarization

Question 7

depolarization makes the membrane potential more blank

Answer 7

positive

Question 8

blank makes it extremely negative in terms of voltage

Answer 8

hyperpolarization

Question 9

a change in membrane potential that moves down the membrane

Answer 9

action potentials

Question 10

one change in voltage after another along the axon

Answer 10

action potentials

Question 11

depolarization, hyperpolarization, resting are how the blank moves down the axon

Answer 11

action potential

Question 12

action potentials are proliferated by blank channels

Answer 12

voltage-gated ion

Question 13

two voltage gated ion channels

Answer 13

Na+ and K+

Question 14

Na+ channels open blank

Answer 14

first

Question 15

K+ channels open blank

Answer 15

second

Question 16

Na+ causes and influx of Na+ ions causing blank

Answer 16

depolarization

Question 17

K+ channel allows in K+ ions and causes blank

Answer 17

hyperpolarization

Question 18

When depolarization occurs, the change in charge is detected by the blank Na+ channels

Answer 18

adjacent

Question 19

Once the cytoplasm is blank enough, the next channel with blank

Answer 19

positive, open

Question 20

the point where sodium is either allowed in or not of the axon

Answer 20

threshold

Question 21

sodium comes in and causes blank

Answer 21

depolarization

Question 22

potassium goes out and causes blank

Answer 22

hyperpolarization

Question 23

Three phases of action potential

Answer 23

undershoot, resting potential, axon terminal

Question 24

the signal moves down the axon until the axon blank

Answer 24

terminal

Question 25

intercellular junctions between neurons

Answer 25

synapses

Question 26

these cells transmit action potential

Answer 26

presynaptic cell

Question 27

these cells receive the action potential

Answer 27

postsynaptic cells

Question 28

chemical synapses have a blank

Answer 28

synaptic cleft

Question 29

this is the space between two cells

Answer 29

synaptic cleft

Question 30

end of presynaptic axon terminal contains blank

Answer 30

synaptic vesicles

Question 31

these synaptic vesicles are packed with blank

Answer 31

neurotransmitters

Question 32

action potential blanks to the other side of the cleft

Answer 32

diffuses

Question 33

neurotransmitters activate blank channels on the postsynaptic cell

Answer 33

ligand gated ion

Question 34

blank induce opening of the channel in ligand gated ion channels

Answer 34

neurotransmitters

Question 35

blank cause changes in cell membranes permeability

Answer 35

neurotransmitters

Question 36

how are neurotransmitters terminated after they are used?

Answer 36

broken down by enzymes

Question 37

two ways to increase velocity of conduction

Answer 37

axon has a large diameter or axon is myelinated

Question 38

axon having a large diameter is primarily found in blank

Answer 38

invertebrates

Question 39

humans axons are blank which increases velocity of conduction

Answer 39

myelinated

Question 40

spaces between myelin sheet

Answer 40

nodes of Ranvier

Question 41

action potential is produced here

Answer 41

nodes of Ranvier

Question 42

impulse jumps from node to node

Answer 42

saltatory conduction

Question 43

prolonged exposure to a neurotransmitter may cause cells to lose the ability to respond to it. this is called

Answer 43

habituation

Question 44

affects the brain’s pleasure pathways and inhibits the reuptake of neurotransmitter and can eventually result in habituation

Answer 44

cocaine

Question 45

when using cocaine, the number of blank to reestablish homeostasis decreases in cells

Answer 45

receptors

Question 46

cocaine use results in a blank neuron activity in normal conditions

Answer 46

decreased

Question 47

the only major phylum without nerves

Answer 47

sponges

Question 48

the simplest nervous system belongs to blank

Answer 48

cnidarians

Question 49

neurons linked to each other in a blank

Answer 49

nerve net

Question 50

a nerve net has no blank neurons

Answer 50

associative

Question 51

a cnidarian is a big blank machine

Answer 51

reflex

Question 52

free-living playhelminthes are the simplest animals with blank activity

Answer 52

associative

Question 53

all other nervous systems are elaborations on the blank model

Answer 53

playhelminth

Question 54

earthworms have a blank that connect to the periphery

Answer 54

cns

Question 55

arthropods have blank centers in the fron and branching blank chords

Answer 55

coordination, nerve

Question 56

cephalopods have several giant blank that connect to a blank brain

Answer 56

giant, large

Question 57

a vertebrate brain is an enlargement of the blank portion of the nerve cord

Answer 57

anterior

Question 58

three basic division of the simplest vertebrate brain

Answer 58

hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

Question 59

the dominant feature of the brain in vertebrattes

Answer 59

forebrain

Question 60

the increase in brain size in blank reflects the great enlargement of the blank

Answer 60

mammals, cerebrum

Question 61

cerebrum has right and left blank which are connected by the blank

Answer 61

cerebral hemispheres, corpus callosum

Question 62

four lobes of hemispheres of brain

Answer 62

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

Question 63

integrates visual, auditory, and somatosensory informatino

Answer 63

thalamus

Question 64

integrates visceral activites, controls the pituitary gland and is part of the blank system

Answer 64

hypothalamus, limbic

Question 65

system responsible for emotional responses

Answer 65

limbic system

Question 66

a cable of neurons extending from the brain down through the backbone

Answer 66

spinal cord

Question 67

spinal cord is enclosed and protected by the vertebral column and the

Answer 67

meninges

Question 68

serves as the body’s information highway

Answer 68

spinal cord

Question 69

spinal cord also functions in blank

Answer 69

reflexes

Question 70

the knee jerk reflex is blank which means no interneuron

Answer 70

monosynaptic

Question 71

no interneuron

Answer 71

monosynaptic

Question 72

most reflexes in vertebrates involve a single blank

Answer 72

interneuron

Question 73

the blank nervous system consists of nerves and ganglia

Answer 73

pns

Question 74

are bundles of axons bound by connective tissue

Answer 74

nerves

Question 75

are aggregates of neuron cell bodies

Answer 75

ganglia

Question 76

blank motor neurons stimulate the skeletal muscles to contract

Answer 76

somatic

Question 77

somatic nervous system involves only one blank neuron

Answer 77

motor

Question 78

nervous system with subconscious control

Answer 78

autonomic

Question 79

motor pathway has blank neurons in autonomic nervous system

Answer 79

two

Question 80

the first neuron exits the cns and synapses at autonomic blank

Answer 80

ganglia

Question 81

the second neuron exits the ganglion and regulates blank in motor pathway of ans

Answer 81

effectors

Question 82

two division of autonomic nervous system

Answer 82

sympathetic, parasympathetic

Question 83

fight or flight, reduce digestion, increase alertness, increase respiration

Answer 83

sympathetic

Question 84

division of ans with slow heart rate/breathing, increase digestive functions and relaxed

Answer 84

parasympathetic division

Question 85

two times of stimuli that sensory receptors sense

Answer 85

exteroceptors and interoceptors

Question 86

three classes of receptors

Answer 86

mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, energy detecting receptors

Question 87

receptors stimulated by mechanical forces like pressure

Answer 87

mechanoreceptors

Question 88

receptors that detect chemicals or chemical changes

Answer 88

chemoreceptors

Question 89

four steps in process of sensory info being percieved

Answer 89

stimulation, transduction, transmission, interpretation

Question 90

receptor potential in sensory cell is created in this step

Answer 90

transduction

Question 91

action potential in sensory neuron in this step

Answer 91

transmission

Question 92

sensory cells respond to stimuli via blank channels

Answer 92

stimulus gated ion

Question 93

depolarization of the receptor cell occurs which is referred to as blank in stimulus gated ion channels

Answer 93

receptor potential

Question 94

only responds to a specific kind of stimulus

Answer 94

stimulus gated ion channels

Question 95

these are mechanoreceptors that transmit impulses based on cell damage

Answer 95

nociceptors

Question 96

pain is the interpretation of blank

Answer 96

nociceptors

Question 97

free nerve endings are located throughout the blank

Answer 97

body

Question 98

there are blank nerve endings where damage is most likely to occur

Answer 98

free

Question 99

mechanoreceptors that are naked dendritic endings of sensory neurons and are sensitive to changes in temperature

Answer 99

thermoreceptors

Question 100

thermoreceptors contain blank channels that are responsive to hot and cold

Answer 100

ion

Question 101

blank receptors are located higher in the skin and are much more numerous than blank receptors

Answer 101

cold, warm

Question 102

several types of mechanoreceptors detect blank

Answer 102

touch

Question 103

how many components of sense of touch

Answer 103

six

Question 104

mechanoreceptors that monitor muscle length and tension

Answer 104

proprioceptors

Question 105

two things that provide information about the relative position or movement of animal’s body parts

Answer 105

muscle spindels, golgi tendon organs

Question 106

mechanoreceptors that monitor blood pressure

Answer 106

baroreceptors

Question 107

baroreceptors are a branched network of afferent neurons in the blank and blank

Answer 107

carotid sinus, aortic arch

Question 108

these mechanoreceptors detect tension or stretch in wallls of blood vessels

Answer 108

baroreceptors

Question 109

when blood pressure decreases, the frequency of impulse blanks in baroreceptros

Answer 109

decreases

Question 110

specialized cells with cytoplasmic extensions are called blank in hair cells

Answer 110

stereocilia

Question 111

when stereocilia bend they send a blank to a sensory neuron

Answer 111

action potential

Question 112

stereocilia detect these three senses

Answer 112

water current, hearing, balance

Question 113

lateral line system of a fish has blank cells in a gelatinous blank

Answer 113

hair, cupula

Question 114

bending of stereocilia detects blank in fish

Answer 114

currents

Question 115

the detection of vibrations

Answer 115

hearing

Question 116

blank receptors provide better directional information than blank receptors

Answer 116

auditory, chemo

Question 117

three chambers filled with fluid wrapped in a coil

Answer 117

cochlea

Question 118

has a basilar membrane with hair cells in the cochlea

Answer 118

organ of corti

Question 119

vibrations of the basilar membrane’s hair cells press the stereocilia against the blank

Answer 119

tectorial membrane

Question 120

sends nerve impulses to the brain where they are interpreted as sound

Answer 120

cochlea

Question 121

bats, shrews, whales, dolphins have the ability to perceive presence and distance of objects by sound

Answer 121

echolocation

Question 122

the gravity receptors consist of two blank in the membranous blank in vertebrates

Answer 122

chambers, labyrinth

Question 123

within the blank and blank are hair cells

Answer 123

utricle, saccule

Question 124

utricle and saccule are embedded in a calcium rich blank

Answer 124

otolith membrane

Question 125

head movement causes the otolithic membrane to move and blank to bend

Answer 125

stereocilia

Question 126

these detect angular acceleration in any direction

Answer 126

semicircular canals

Question 127

swollen chambers of semicircular canals

Answer 127

ampullae

Question 128

hair cell stereocilia with a gelatinous blank protrude into blank

Answer 128

cupula, semicircular canals

Question 129

blank moves fluid in semicircular canals

Answer 129

acceleration

Question 130

these can bind to particular chemicals in extracellular fluid

Answer 130

chemoreceptors

Question 131

membrane of sensory neuron becomes blank and produces action potentials

Answer 131

depolarized

Question 132

senses that are from chemoreceptors, three

Answer 132

taste, smell, blood composition

Question 133

five receptor types of taste

Answer 133

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami

Question 134

collections of chemosensitive cells associated with afferent neurons

Answer 134

taste buds

Question 135

flies have taste chemoreceptors on their blank

Answer 135

feet

Question 136

blank involves neurons located in the upper portion of the nasal passages

Answer 136

smell

Question 137

humans have over blank smell receptors

Answer 137

50

Question 138

humans can discern blank different smells

Answer 138

thousands

Question 139

these are found in the aortic and carotid bodies and are senstive primarily to pH of plasma

Answer 139

peripheral chemoreceptors

Question 140

these are found in the medulla oblongata of the brain and are sensitive to the pH of blank fluid

Answer 140

central chemoreceptors, cerebrospinal

Question 141

vision begins with the capture of light energy by blank

Answer 141

photoreceptors

Question 142

many invertebrates have photoreceptors in a blank like flatworms

Answer 142

eyespot

Question 143

flatworms can perceive blank but cannot make a blank

Answer 143

direction of light, visual image

Question 144

four phyla have evolved well developed image forming eyes and they are

Answer 144

annelids, mollusks, arthropods, chordates

Question 145

vision is an example of blank evolution because vision is similar in structure but evolved independently

Answer 145

convergent

Question 146

rods have blank which is a broad ranging pigment that detects values

Answer 146

rhodopsin

Question 147

cones have blank

Answer 147

photopsins

Question 148

the more blank you have the more color you see

Answer 148

cones

Question 149

carnivores are blank

Answer 149

dichromats

Question 150

humans are blank

Answer 150

trichromats

Question 151

birds are blank and can see ultraviolet

Answer 151

tetrachromats

Question 152

three layers of cells in retina from external to internal layer

Answer 152

photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells

Question 153

photoreceptors stimulate blank cells which stimulate blank cells

Answer 153

bipolar, ganglion

Question 154

action potentials from retina goes to the blank

Answer 154

thalamus

Question 155

each blank of cerebrum receives input from both eyes

Answer 155

hemisphere

Question 156

ability to perceive 3d images

Answer 156

binocular vision

Question 157

prey animals have eyes on side of blank

Answer 157

head

Question 158

predators have eyes on the side of blank

Answer 158

face

Question 159

snakes can see blank

Answer 159

infrared

Question 160

blank organs allow snakes to see infrared

Answer 160

pit

Question 161

elasmobranchs (sharks rays, skates) have blank

Answer 161

electroreceptors

Question 162

this can sense electrical currents generated by the muscle contractions of their prey

Answer 162

ampullae of lorenzini

Question 163

these navigate along the magnetic field lines of the earth, eels, sharks, bees, birds

Answer 163

magnetoception

Question 164

don’t know how blank works

Answer 164

magnetoception

Question 165

there is blank in the periderm

Answer 165

cork

Question 166

this contributes to lateral growth of trees

Answer 166

vascular cambium

Question 167

a blank is established during embryo genesis

Answer 167

root shoot axis

Question 168

pfr may increase plant height because far red light is

Answer 168

reflecting off other plants

Question 169

pulvini cells do not respond to blank

Answer 169

auxin

Question 170

two modified stems

Answer 170

aerial, tubers

Question 171

have no jaws fish

Answer 171

cyclostomata

Question 172

this triggers secretion of HCL from the gastric glands

Answer 172

gastrin

Question 173

this is released into the blood to store acquired nutritents from food

Answer 173

glucagon