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Plants Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two routes for plant toxicity?

A

dermal and oral

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2
Q

What are the classifications of plant toxins?

A

alkaloids, glycosides, oxalates, resins/resinoids, toxalbumins, minerals, nitrogen compounds and photosensitizers

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3
Q

What are the four species of dermal irritants?

A

Poison ivy, oak, sumac and stinging nettle

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4
Q

What is the toxin in poison ivy, poison oak and sumac and what is its MOA?

A

Urushiol and binds proteins

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5
Q

What are the toxins in stinging nettles and what is its MOA?

A

formic acid, histamine, serotonin and AcH

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6
Q

What are the symptoms from contact with poison ivy, oak and sumac?

A

itchy rash, redness and blisters

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7
Q

What are the symptoms from contact with a stinging nettle?

A

burning sensation, itching and inflammation

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8
Q

What are the plants producing a cyanogenic glycoside and what is the toxin?

A

Sorghum, chokecherries, cassava roots and leaves, arrow grass, lima beans-cyanide

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9
Q

What is cyanides MOA?

A

binds to cytochrome C and halts oxidative phosphorylation (ATP production)

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10
Q

What are the symptoms for acute cyanide poisoning?

A

weakness, nausea, seizures, cardiac arrest and death

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11
Q

What is the name of chronic cyanide poisoning and what are its symptoms?

A

Konzo-spinal nerve damage leading to paralysis and thyroid goiter

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12
Q

What are the treatments for cyanide poisoning?

A

Cyanokit-hydroxocobalamin binds CN
Nithiodote- sodium nitrite and thiosulfate converts CN to a removable form

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13
Q

What toxins are in the cardiac glycoside classification?

A

Digitoxin, gitoxin and Gitaloxin

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14
Q

What species produces digitoxin, etc.?

A

Foxglove digitalis purpurea

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15
Q

What is digitoxins MOA?

A

inhibits Na/K ATPase which disrupts heart electrical conduction leading to cardiac arrest

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16
Q

What is the LD50 of digitoxin?

A

18mg/kg

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17
Q

What are the symptoms of digitoxin poisoning?

A

5-24hrs-GI upset
then followed by bradycardia, arrhythmia, weakness, depression, tremors, convulsions and coma and eventual death

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18
Q

What is the toxin in the alkaloid classification and its MOA?

A

Aconitine-bings and persistently activates voltage gated sodium channels

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19
Q

What species produces aconitine?

A

Wolfsbane (aconitum)

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20
Q

What are the symptoms of aconitine poisoning?

A

burning and numbness in mouth and stomach, followed by severe vomiting and asphyxia, possible death

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21
Q

What toxin is produced by the Castor bean?

A

Ricin

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22
Q

What is ricin’s LD50?

A

1mg/kg

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23
Q

What is ricins MOA?

A

Attaches to 28S ribosomal unit and halts protein elongation resulting in cytotoxicity and cell death

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24
Q

What are the symptoms of inhaled ricin poisoning?

A

resp distress, heavy sweating pulmonary edema, low blood pressure, resp failure and death

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25
What is the onset of inhalation ricin poisoning?
within a few hours to a day
26
What are the symptoms of ingested ricin poisoning?
vomiting and diarrhea (could be bloody), low bp, seizures, blood in urine, death occurs few days later via organ failure
27
What is mad honey?
honey that contains grayanotoxins
28
What species produces mad honey?
genus Rhododendron
29
What is grayanotoxins MOA?
binds and persistently activates sodium channels-prolonged action potentials and eventual exhaustion of neuron
30
Wjat are the symptoms of grayanotoxin ingestion?
bradycardia and hypotension, nauseam fainting, weakness, hypersalivation, perspiration and paresthesia in extremities and around mouth, severe cases: loss of coordination, severe and progressive muscular weakness
31
What is the most toxic plant in Western Canada?
Western Water Hemlock
32
What is the toxin produced by the western water hemlock and its MOA?
cicutoxin-gaba receptor antagonist
33
What are the symptoms of cicutoxin poisoning?
salivation, apprehension, muscle twitching, jaw clamping, teeth grinding, spasms, running fits, seizures and coma. Death from resp paralysis 45-90mins after ingestion
34
What are the species that produce swainsonine?
Astragalus and related species
35
What is swainsonines MOA?
inhibition of a-D-mannosidase and golgi mannosidase II which leads to build up of sugars in the brain and organs
36
What are the symptoms from swainsonine toxicity?
depression, anorexia, trembling, ataxia, loss of sense of direction, attitude and behavioural changes
37
What toxin do crocus produce?
colchicine
38
What is colchicines MOA?
binds tubulin which affects rapid dividing cell types
39
What are the symptoms of crocus ingestion?
vomiting, bloody diarrhea, depression, weakness and ataxia, collapse, coma and death
40
What is the onset of colchicine poisoning?
12-24hrs
41
What toxins fall under the classification of tropane alkaloids?
atropine, hyoscyamine, scopolamine and hyoscine
42
What plant produces the tropane alkaloids and what is something special about them?
jimson weed, plants can produce up to 30,000 seeds which can survive in soil for 40yrs
43
What crops are affected by Jimson weed?
soybeans, beans, tobacco, tomatoes, sweet peppers
44
What are the tropane alkaloids MOA?
blocks muscarinic acetylcholine receptors
45
What are the symptoms of jimson weed poisoning?
confusion, blurred vision, light headedness, high body temp and seizures
46
What is the onset for Jimson weed poisoning?
early as 30mins
47
What is the difference between primary and secondary photosensitization?
Primary-direct effect from toxin Secondary-heightened sensitivity to light exposure due to effects of toxin on the liver
48
What is the toxin compound found in St. John's Wort
hypericin
49
What is St. Johns Wort MOA?
creates primary photosensitization
50
What are the signs of St. John's Wort ingestion?
erythema, edema, vesiculation, necrosis, blindness, feed refusal, starvation, shock, hypotension, death
51
What is the treatment for St. John's Wort?
terminate UV exposure, treat lesions like bruns and antihistamines for swelling
52
What are the plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids?
Senecio, Amsinickia, echium, heliotropium
53
What is pyrrolizidine alkaloids MOA?
enters liver where it binds cellular macromolecules, DNA adduct formation, impaired cell division, cell death, hepatic necrosis and eventual liver failure
54
What are the symptoms of pyrrolizidine alkaloids poisoning?
sudden onset liver failure Horses: progressive weakness, staggering, sleepiness, biting, delirium, eventual coma and death Cattle: mania, colic. diarrgea, tenesmus, rectal prolapse, eventual death, photosensitization
55
Why is secondary photosensitization most commonly seen in livestock?
phylloerythrin is derived from the breakdown of chlorophyll by microbes in GI tract, and accumulates in plasma due to liver damage
56
What is the MOA of calcium oxalate crystals?
mechanical irritation
57
What are the symptoms of calcium oxalate ingestion?
salivation, head shaking, oral pain, colic, vomiting, diarrhea, difficulty breathing
58
What is Saponins MOA?
disrupts cell membranes
59
What are the symptoms of saponin toxicity?
GI distress, hemolysis and irritation
60
What is cyacsins MOA?
methylates DNA leading to liver damage and neurotoxicity
61
What are the symptoms of cyasin poisoning?
vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, abdominal pain, jaundice
62
What are the medicinal uses for St. Johnswort?
kidney and lung problems, insomnia, depression and to aid wound healing
63
What are the medicinal uses for atropine?
competitive agonist against muscarinic acetylcholine receptors especially M2 in heart and M3 in glands
64
What are the medicinal uses for digtoxin?
used to treat a fib
65
What is the antidote for digitoxin poisoning?
Digibind-binds digitoxin and is eliminated in urine

TOX403 (15 decks)

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