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Arthropods Flashcards

1
Q

What is the scorpions venom apparatus?

A

stinger, sensory hair and venom gland

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2
Q

What is the general MOA of scorpion venom?

A

opens voltage sensitive sodium channels and blocks calcium channels leading to hyperkalemia

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3
Q

What is the LD50 for most lethal scorpions?

A

1.5mg/kg

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4
Q

What are the three specific toxins in scorpion venom?

A

scyllatoxin, charybdotoxin and tiynus toxin

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5
Q

What are scyllatoxins MOA?

A

opens sodium channels and inhibits calcium dependent potassium channels

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6
Q

What is charybdotoxins MOA?

A

blocks calcium activated potassium channels leading to hyperexcitability of nervous system

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7
Q

What is tityus toxins MOA?

A

prolongs sodium channel closure

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8
Q

What are the clinical signs of a scorpion sting?

A

local pain and numbness, nausea, sweating, hypersalivation, muscle twitching, increased vascular resistance, bradycardia and cardiac dysfunction, pulmonary edema leading to death

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9
Q

What are the treatments for scorpion sting?

A

antivenom, immobilize limb and symptomatic and supportive

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10
Q

What is the spiders venom apparatus?

A

fang

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11
Q

What is the classification for web dwellers venom?

A

neurotoxic

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12
Q

What is the classification for non web dwellers venom?

A

cytotoxic venom

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13
Q

What is the widows spider unique neurotoxin?

A

a-latrotoxin

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14
Q

What is a-latrotoxins MOA?

A

hyperstimulation in CNS by depolarizing neurons by increasing Ca2+ influx and causing uncontrolled exocytosis of neurotransmitters

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15
Q

What are the clinical signs of a widow bite?

A

pain, sweating, nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps and spasms, mild paralysis, tachycardia and hypertension and if death occurs by asphyxiation

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16
Q

Where are funnel spiders found?

A

One specific area of Australia

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17
Q

What is the funnel spiders special toxin?

A

robustoxin

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18
Q

What is robustoxins MOA?

A

slows Na+ closure in autnomic and somatic NS, and spontaneous, repetitive and prolonged action potentials

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19
Q

What are the clinical signs of a funnel spider bite?

A

pain, GI, spasms, salivation, lacrimation, hypertension, arrhythmias, trouble breathing and bronchiole constrictions

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20
Q

What is the treatment for a funnel spider bite?

A

bandage area tightly, immobilize area, symptomatic and supprotive and antivenom

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21
Q

How are spider antivenoms made?

A

using rabbit antibodies

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22
Q

What is the onset of a cytolytic spider bite?

23
Q

Where are recluse spiders found?

A

Southern United States, going up into the East

24
Q

What is the specific toxin found in the recluse spider?

A

Sphingomyelinase D

25
What is sphingomyelinase Ds MOA?
breaks down lipid rafts and thus alters cell membrane leading to the activation of metalloproteinases and more damage to cell surface molecules
26
What are the clinical signs of a recluse bite?
necrotic arachnidism-fever, GI, rash, hemolytic anemia, renal failure and deathWhat, blisters and then ruptures, spot forms ulcer and spreads
27
What is the other type of cytotoxic venom producing spider?
yellow-sac spider
28
What is ticks venom apparatus
hypostome
29
What is the primary component of tick venom?
ixobotoxin
30
What is ixbotoxins MOA?
inhibits Ach release in somatic and autonomic NS
31
What are the symptoms of ixbotoxins>
general weakness, tingling, numbness, loss of movement/feeling, flaccid paralysis
32
What is the venom apparatus for bees, wasps and hornets?
stinger
33
What is the main toxin in bee venom?
melittin
34
What is the MOA of melittin
hemolysis, form pores in cell membranes
35
What is LD50 of bee venom?
2.8 and 3.5mg/kg
36
What is a small component of bee venom and what is its MOA?
apamin-blocks Ca2+ activated k channels responsible for hyperpolarization of neuron following an action potential
37
What are the clinical signs of bee envenomation?
pian, swelling, redness
38
What are the symptoms if you're stung enough times to cause death?
GI, coughing, wheezing, tachycardia, hypotension, dysrhythmia
39
What is the ants venom apparatus?
sting apparatus
40
What is a toxicant of ant venom?
solenopsine
41
What is the MOA of solenopsine?
mimics ceramide with interferes with sphingolipid signaling pathway which regulated processes like cell growth, apoptosis and inflammation
42
What is the toxin present in bullet ant venom?
poneratoxin
43
What is poneratoxins MOA?
prevents sodium channel closure causing paralysis and pain
44
What is main component of ant venom?
formic acid-responsible for some pain and swelling
45
What are the clinical signs of ant bites?
immediate pain/irritation, redness and swelling, fluid filled blisters that will burst, tissue necrosis
46
What is occurs in large doses of ant bites?
nausea, vomiting, dizziness, fever, sweating, bronchiole constriction
47
What are the treatments for ant bites?
wash with soap and water, lidocaine cream and antihistamines
48
What is the venom present in blister beetles?
cantharidin
49
What is the MOA of cantharidin?
protein phosphatases 1 and 2A
50
What occurs after cantharidin envenomation?
disrupts cell adhesion, increase permeability, and loss of connections between skin cells, leading to blisters and tissue necrosis
51
What is the toxin found in rove beetles?
pederin
52
What is pederins MOA?
blocks protein synthesis by inhibiting rib0somes leading to cell death and tissue damage
53
How is one exposed to cantharidin and pederins?
gets released when beetle is crushed or threatened
54
What are the symptoms of beetle envenomation in livestock?
depression, inflammation, GI upset, painful urination and death

TOX403 (15 decks)

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