Mushroom Toxins Flashcards
What is known as the “death cap” mushroom
Amanita phalloides
What type of toxins do Amanita phalloides produce?
amanitin alpha and beta and phalloidin
What is amatoxins MOA?
hepatotoxin-inhibit RNA polymerase and induces oxidative stress which leads to apoptosis, necrosis and tissue death
What is the LD50 of amatoxin?
0.2-0.6 mg/kg
What is phallotoxin’s MOA?
Binds F-actin preventing depolymerization
What is phallotoxins LD50 and why is it less toxic than amatoxin?
2-3mg/kg, less toxic because they are not well absorbed
What is the diagnosis for death cap mushroom poisoning?
transaminase increase in serum, prothrombin increase in serum, lowered fibrinogen, increased serum ammonia and hypoglycemia
What is the onset of amatoxin and phallotoxin poisoning?
5-36hrs
What are the three phases of amatoxin poisoning and the symptoms present within each phase?
GI phase- food poisoning symptoms
Honeymoon phase-no symptoms but liver toxicity starting
Terminal phase- recurrence of GI symptoms but liver and kidney failure
What are the treatments for phallotoxin and amatoxin poisoning?
supportive care, enhance elimination through dialysis, and n-acetylcysteine to scavenge ROS
What two species produce the Muscarine toxin?
Clitocybe and Inocybe
What is Muscarines MOA?
binds muscarinic receptors (acetylcholine agonist), causes cholinergic syndrome
What are the symptoms of cholinergic syndrome?
normal temp and resp rate, increased bowel sounds, SLUDS, diaphoretic skin and miosis of pupils
What is the treatment for muscarinic poisoning?
Atropine to compete for AcH receptors and supportive care
What species of mushrooms produce the coprine toxin?
Coprinus atramentarius-ink cap
What is Coprine’s MOA?
metabolized to 1-amonocyclopropanol which inhibits acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
What are the clinical symptoms of coprine toxicity?
nausea/vomiting, flushing skin, headache, heart palpitations, fainting, (may be due to anxiety)
What are the treatments for coprine toxicity?
anti-emetics and liquids to prevent dehydration
What species produces the orellanine toxin?
Cortinarius orellanus and cortanarius orellanoides
What is Orellanine’s MOA?
specifically targets proximal tubules-oxidative stress, interferes with cell metabolism and increases apoptosis and necrosis
What are the phases of orellanine poisoning and their symptoms?
Latency period: 3-14 days, no symptoms
Gastrointestinal phase: food poisoning symptoms
Renal Toxicity: intense thrist, dry mouth, fatigue, muscle pain and decreased or absent urination
How is orellanine poison diagnosed?
elevated creatinine and blood urea nitrogen, proteinuria and hematuria, electrolyte balances
What species produce ibotenic acid and muscimol?
amanita muscaria
What is Ibotenic acid’s MOA?
resembles glutamate, induces excitatory effects
What is muscimol’s MOA?
resembles GABA-induces sedative effects
What are the symptoms of ingestion of muscimol and ibotenic acid
GI upset, disorientation, agitation, seizures (rare), drowsiness, confusion and then hallucinations and possibly retrograde amnesia
In what species is phalloides poisoning most common and what are their symptoms?
Dogs-GI stress, refusal to eat or drink, increased panting, drooling and possibly seizuress
What genus’ produce the Psilocybin toxin
Psilocybe and panaeolus
What is psylocbin’s MOA?
converted to psilocin in the body and binds serotonin receptors
What are the symptoms of a magic mushroom “overdose”
nausea, vomiting, sweating, weakness, seizures, tachycardia, death (very rare)
What is the treatment for magic mushroom poisoning?
emesis (if early), valium, low lights, quiet room
