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Biology 4th form > Plants > Flashcards

Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the organs of a plant

A

Roots stem leaves

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2
Q

What are the tissues of a plant

A

Epidermal tissues
Palisade mesophyll
Spongy mesophyll
Xylem and phloem
Meristem

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3
Q

What is the feature and function of the waxy cuticle

A

Reduces water leakage protective layer on the top of leaf preventing water from evaporation

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4
Q

What is the feature and function of the upper epidermis

A

Thin and transparent to allow light to enter palisade mesophyll layer no chloroplasts

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5
Q

What is the feature and function of the lower epidermis

A

Contains guard cells and stomata

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6
Q

What is the feature and function of the palisade mesophyll

A

A lot of chloroplasts column shape cells tightly packed with chloroplasts to absorb more light maximising photosynthesis

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7
Q

What is the feature and function of the spongy Mesophyll

A

Contains airspace is the increase surface area to volume ratio for gas diffusion

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8
Q

What is the feature and function of guard cells

A

Closes and opens stomato they close at night absorb and lose water to open and close stomata to allow gas exchange

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9
Q

What is the feature and function of the vascular bundle

A

Contains xylem and phloem to transport substances to and from leaves

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10
Q

What is the feature and function of the xylem

A

Continually brings water up from roots transport water to leaf for mesophyll cells to use in photosynthesis and for transpiration from stomata

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11
Q

What is the feature and function of phloem

A

Transports sucrose and amino acids around plants

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12
Q

What does a large surface area help the leaf with

A

Increase the surface area for the diffusion of CO2 and absorption of light for photosynthesis

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13
Q

What does a thin leaf allow the plant to do

A

Allow CO2 to the fuse to palisade mesophyll cells quickly

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14
Q

What does chlorophyll help the plant to do

A

Absorbs light energy for photosynthesis can occur

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15
Q

How does the network veins help the plant

A

Allows the transport of water to the cells of the leaf and carbohydrates from the leaf for photosynthesis water for photosynthesis carbohydrates as a product of photosynthesis

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16
Q

How does the stomata help the leaf

A

Allow CO2 to diffuse into the leaf and oxygen to diffuse out

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17
Q

How does the epidermis being thin and transparent helps the leaf

A

Allow more light to reach the palisade cells

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18
Q

What does the thin cuticle made of wax help was in the leaf

A

To protect the leaf without blocking sunlight

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19
Q

How does the palisade cell layer at the top of the leaf help the plant

A

Maximise is the absorption of light as it will hit chloroplasts in the cells directly

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20
Q

How does the spongy layer help the leaf

A

Airspace is a Lúcio to diffuse through the leaf increasing surface area

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21
Q

How does the vascular bundle help the leaf

A

Six cells of the tissue in the bundles help to support the stem and leaf

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22
Q

What is the function of the root hair cell

A

Absorbs water by osmosis and mineral ions by active transport

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23
Q

What are the adaptations of a root hair cells

A

It’s extensions increases surface area of cell which increases the rate of water and mineral ion absorption

24
Q

What are the structure features of the xylem

A

Transports water and minerals
It has a one-way flow of sap
Thick cell wall made of lignin
Cells having no end walls between them

25
Q

What are the structure features of the phloem

A

Transports water and food
It has two Wayfloe of sap
Thin cell wall made of Celulose
Cells with end walls and perforations

26
Q

What are xylem and phloem collectively called

A

The vascular bundle

27
Q

What is the process of water movement

A

Step one water is absorbed from soil into root hair cells by osmosis
Water moves from roots to leaves through xylem
Transpiration happens

28
Q

What is transpiration

A

The loss of water in the leaf through the stomata by evaporation

29
Q

What is the process of food movement

A

Glucose is produced by photosynthesis in leaves
Glucose is converted into amino acids and sucrose for transportation
Translocation happens

30
Q

What is translocation

A

Amino acids and sucrose move from leaves to other parts of plant for respiration or storage

31
Q

What are four factors affecting the rate of transpiration

A

Temperature
Light intensity
Air flow
Humidity

32
Q

What is the description of temperature affecting the rate of transpiration

A

Higher the temperature the higher kinetic energy of the water particles have the higher the rate of transpiration

33
Q

What is the description of light intensity affecting the rate of transpiration

A

The higher the light intensity the wider stomata open the higher the rate of transpiration

34
Q

What is the description of airflow affecting the rate of transpiration

A

The higher the airflow the higher the concentration gradient of water the higher the rate of transpiration

35
Q

What is the description of humidity affecting the rate of transpiration

A

The higher the humidity the lower the concentration gradient of water the lower the rate of transpiration

36
Q

How come you measure the rate of transpiration

A

By measuring how much goes in the roots and how much comes out the stomata

37
Q

What is the equation for magnification

A

Magnification = image size / actual size

38
Q

What is the equation for measuring the rate of transpiration

A

Rate of transpiration = difference in volume of water loss/change in time

39
Q

Compare the structure of xylem and phloem

A

Xylem transports water and minerals as phloem transports water and food
Xylem has a one way flow of sap as phloem has a 2 way flow of sap
Xylem has a thick wall made of lignin as phloem has thin wall made of cellulose
Xylem cells have no end between them as phloem cells have end walls and perforations

40
Q

What are 2 types of tropisms

A

Phototropism
Gravitropism

41
Q

What is a tropisms

A

Plant produce hormones to control and coordinate growth

42
Q

What are the 3 types of plant hormones

A

Auxins
Gibberellins
Ethene

43
Q

What is the function of auxins

A

Promote cell elongation in shoots and inhibit cell elongation in roots

44
Q

What is the function of gibberellins

A

Initiate seed germination flowering and growth of fruit

45
Q

What is the function of Ethene

A

Control cell division and ripening of fruits

46
Q

What is posotive phototropism

A

Plants grow towards the light

47
Q

What is negative phototropism

A

Plants grow away from lighn

48
Q

What is posotive gravitropism

A

Plants grow towards gravity

49
Q

What is negative gravitropism

A

Growing away from gravity

50
Q

Which way do plants grow if auxin are distributed evenly

A

Growing upward

51
Q

Which way do plants grow if auxin are uneavenly distributed

A

Growing directionally

52
Q

What is the effect of auxin on root growth

A

Auxin is produced in root tips
Auxin diffuses away from light
Auxin inhibits cell elongation in the bright side so root bend downwards

53
Q

What is the effect of auxins on shoot growth

A

Auxin is produced in stem tips
Auxin diffuses away from light
Uneven distribution of auxin
Auxin inhibits cell elongation in the shaded side so stem bend toward sun

54
Q

How should you structure your answer when you are asked to plan investigation

A

Independent variable
Dependent variable
Control variable x2 time frame
Repeat investigation
Appropriate equipment

55
Q

What is the everyday use of auxins

A

Used as selective weed killer so growth of weeds can be controlled using auxins to keep yields high
Used as rooting powders to stimulate root development of plant cuttings
Used to clone plants in labs

56
Q

What are the everyday uses of Ethene

A

Controls cell division and ripening of fruit
During storage and transport production of Ethene is inhibited to delay ripening of Fruits
During display artificially produced ethene gas can be released to speed up fruit ripening

57
Q

What are the uses of giberellins

A

End seed dormancy as high concentration of giberellin promoted seed germination
Promotes flowering
Increase fruit size

Biology 4th form (11 decks)

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