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Biology 4th form > Heart and respiratory system communicable diseases > Flashcards

Heart and respiratory system communicable diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

Function of plasma

A

Carries an array of proteins to slow bleeding and helps clotting.
This is the fluid that carries red white blood cells and platelets also transport hormones antibodies CO2 and urea

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2
Q

Function of red blood cells

A

Carry oxygen and nutrients

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3
Q

What are the adaptations of a red blood cell

A

It contains haemoglobin helps to transport oxygen from the lungs to other parts of body
No nucleus holds more haemoglobin to transport oxygen
Biconcave shape so has a large surface area for fossil diffusion of oxygen

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4
Q

What is the function of a white blood cell

A

Defend against disease it does this by ingesting pathogens and producing antibodies to destroy pathogens it also produces antitoxins neutralise toxin released by pathogens

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5
Q

Function of platelets

A

Stop bleeding help heal
Help with clotting smallest and lightest blood cell
Provide a seal to prevent bleeding

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6
Q

Function of arteries

A

Carry blood away from heart organs are usually holds bright red oxygenated

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7
Q

Adaptations of a artery

A

Elastic tissue so arteries can be stretched on the high blood pressure due to pumping of the heart thickest wall and smallest lumen

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8
Q

Function of veins

A

Carry blood to your heart from the organs usually holds the purple red deoxygenated blood

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9
Q

Adaptations of a vein

A

It has valves to prevent backflow of blood thinner wall but large lumen than arteries

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10
Q

What veins carry oxygenated blood

A

Pulmonary vein
Umbilical vein

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11
Q

What arteries carry deoxygenated blood

A

Pulmonary artery
Umbilical artery

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12
Q

What are the function of capillaries

A

Form a highly branched network linking arteries and veins

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13
Q

Adaptations of the capillaries

A

Capillary wall is one cell thick so materials can be exchanged between blood and body cells
Smallest blood vessel

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14
Q

What is the double circulatory system

A

Pulmonary circulation:
Right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs for gas exchange
Systematic circulation:
Left side of the heart pumps blood to other parts of body under high pressure

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15
Q

Function of a pacemaker

A

The pacemaker sends out electrical impulses to the atrial wall causing the atria to contract blood therefore flows from the atria to the ventricle

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16
Q

What does myogenic mean

A

That the heart can initiate its own contractions

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17
Q

Where is the pacemaker located in the heart

A

Right atrium

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18
Q

What is the AV node

A

The electrical impulses passed to the ventricle wall causing the veranicles to contract blood therefore flows from the ventricle to the artery

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19
Q

What is the direction of airflow

A

Inhaled air
Trachea
Bronchus
Bronchiole
Alveoli

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20
Q

Definition of inhalation

A

The movement of air into the lungs

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21
Q

Definition of exhalation

A

The movement of air out of lungs

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22
Q

What does ventilation equal

A

Inhalation +exhalation

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23
Q

What is the process of inhalation

A

External intercostal muscles contract
Rib cage moves up and out
Diaphragm contracts and flattens
Volume of thorax increases
Pressure inside thorax decreases
Air is drawn into lungs

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24
Q

What is the process of exhalation

A

External intercostal muscles expand and relax
Rib cage moves down and in
Therefore diaphragm relaxes and becomes dome shaped
Volume of thorax decreases
Pressure inside thorax increases
Areas moved out from lungs

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25
Q

What percentage of CO2 oxygen nitrogen and water vapour are in inhaled air

A

Co2 0.04%
Oxygen 21%
Nitrogen 78%
Water vapour less in inhaled air

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26
Q

What percentage of CO2 oxygen nitrogen and water vapour or an exhaled air

A

Co2 4%
Oxygen 16%
Nitrogen 78%
Water vapour more in exhaled air

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27
Q

What is the equation for respiration

A

Glucose + oxygen Turns into CO2 + water + energy

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28
Q

What is the function of alveoli

A

Site for gas exchange oxygen defuses into blood from alveoli CO2 defuses out of the blood into the alveoli

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29
Q

What is the order of gas exchange

A

Oxygen rich and air travels down the trachea
Oxygen rich and air travels down one of the two bronchi
Oxygen rich and air travels down one of the many bronchioles The oxygen rich and air then reaches the alveoli sacks
In the alveoli gas exchange occurs between the blood in the air in the lungs
Oxygen in inhaled air moves into the blood and carbon dioxide in the blood moves into the air in the lungs Oxygen is taken Around the body in the blood carbon dioxide Richard Gere‘s exhaled

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30
Q

What are some adaptations of the alveoli

A

Alveoli have always one cell thick so shortens the diffusion distance for gases so faster diffusion they have a large surface area to increase rate of diffusion of gases the alveoli are surrounded by many blood capillaries to maintain high concentration gradient to increase the rate of diffusion of gases

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31
Q

How did layers of fatty materials mainly form in the coronary artery

A

Dietary cholesterol and cholesterol synthesised by the liver

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32
Q

What is cardiovascular disease

A

What are the coronary arteries are have built up in fatty acids (plaque) the coronary artery loses its elasticity it is now blocked this reduces blood flow through coronary artery resulting in a lack of oxygen and glucose for cardiac muscles cardiac muscles cannot release enough energy in aerobic respiration

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33
Q

What is LDL

A

Cholesterol, sometimes called bad cholesterol makes up most of your body is cholesterol when there is too much in the blood it forms plaque

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34
Q

What is HDL

A

Cholesterol, called good cholesterol absorbs cholesterol in the blood carries back to the liver

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35
Q

Definition of communicable diseases

A

Caused by pathogens that can spread between individuals and have shorter lasting health effects

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36
Q

Definition of noncommunicable diseases

A

Not caused by pathogens and have long-lasting health effects

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37
Q

Examples of communicable diseases

A

Chickenpox, covid 19, communicable flu

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38
Q

Examples of non communicable diseases

A

Cardiovascular disease, asthma, cancer

39
Q

What Increase the rate of disease

A

Alcohol
Smoking
Obesity
Carcinogens
Smiling and alcohol
Diet smoking exercise

40
Q

What happens when skin is wounded

A

Play this release chemicals that cause soluble fibrinogen proteins to form a mass of insoluble fibrin fibres across the wound Play let’s stick together to form close to get stuck in the fibrin mesh red blood cells also get stuck in Fibrin mesh forming a clot this develops into a scab which protects the wound as it heals

41
Q

What is cancer caused bye

A

Changes in DNA of cells that lead to uncontrolled growth and diffusion this results in the formation of a tumour not all tumours cancerous

42
Q

Definition of a tumour

A

Abnormal cells that divide uncontrollably

43
Q

What is a malignant tumour

A

Cells invade neighbouring tissues and spread to different parts of the body via blood and lymph what are the form secondary tumours malignant tumour disrupts functioning of the originators organs and organs they spread to

44
Q

What is a benign Cheema

A

Growth of an abnormal cells which are contained in one area within a membrane cells do not invade other parts of the body

45
Q

What are some risk factors of cancer

A

Obesity
Smoking
UV radiation
Viral infection

46
Q

What types of cancer can risk factors lead to

A

Obesity – bowel cancer liver and kidney
Smoking – lung mouth and throat stomach cancer
UV radiation – skin cancer
Viral infection – cervical liver cancer

47
Q

What was the first drug discovered

A

Penicillin

48
Q

What are new drugs tested for

A

Toxicity
Efficacy
Dose
They then get paid reviewed to confirm result accuracy results can then be published

49
Q

What is binary fission

A

Cells dividing
Bacteria multiply by binary fission once every 20 minutes

50
Q

Steps of binary fission

A

Replication of circular DNA
A copy of circular DNA moves to each pole of cell
Cytoplasm divides
New cell walls form around each daughter cell

51
Q

What are conditions for binary fission

A

Appropriate temperature and nutrients
Moisture

52
Q

How do you calculate the rate of bacteria

A

Number of colonies/hours

53
Q

What is important for the group of microorganisms in the lab

A

Aseptic techniques

54
Q

What are two types of medication

A

Antibiotics – treat the cause of disease
Painkillers – treat symptoms of disease

55
Q

Definition of antibiotics

A

Medicines that kill bacteria not viruses inside body by stopping the cellular processes specific bacteria are treated by specific antibiotics

56
Q

Four ways antibiotics affect bacteria cells that kill them

A

Disrupt cell wall synthesis
Inhibit RNA synthesis
Inhibit DNA replication
Inhibit protein synthesis

57
Q

How does a cell become antibiotic resistant

A

When antibiotics are overused and so develops resistance

58
Q

What are the steps of a cell coming antibiotic resistant

A

Bacteria have random mutations in DNA
Some bacteria become antibiotic resistant
If these resistant bacteria are exposed to antibiotics they still survive and reproduce
Overtime there are large population of antibiotic resistant bacteria

59
Q

What is MRSA

A

Strain of staphylococcus aureus that have developed resistance to matlicillin

60
Q

Four types of pathogens

A

Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Protists

61
Q

Definition of pathogens

A

Pathogens or microorganisms that cause infectious diseases

62
Q

What are the two types of pathogen transmission

A

Direct transition
Indirect transition

63
Q

What does direct transition include

A

Direct contact
Sexual contact
Placental transfer from mother to foetus through placentor

64
Q

What does indirect transmission include

A

Vector(organisms that can transfer pathogen from one house to another Duchy mosquito)
Droplet infection
Waterborn and food

65
Q

What can reduce the spread of a disease

A

Personal hygiene
Isolating infected individuals
Destroying vectors
Vaccinations

66
Q

How do you calculate the rate of blood flow

A

Volume of blood / number of minutes

67
Q

How does a stent work

A

A narrow tube is placed at the blocked vessel A tiny balloon is inflated one balloon pushes stent against artery wall increases lumen with the balloon and tube of them removed blood come flow through

68
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of a stent

A

Advantages
Effective reduce risk of heart attack
Simple procedure
Lost long time
Disadvantages
Need surgery
Risk of blood clots

69
Q

How does a statin work

A

Statin reduces cholesterol level in blood by blocking an enzyme in the liver which is needed to make a list of the slows down the rate of fatty material is building up reducing risk of cardiovascular disease

70
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of a statin

A

Advantages reduce level of LDL cholesterol and blood reducing risk of plaque formation increases levels of HDL cholesterol and blood absorbing LDL cholesterol disadvantages taken regularly and long-term side-effects like muscle and joint pain

71
Q

How does a heart transplant work

A

An operation to replace a failing heart was a healthy heart from a donor who has recently died

72
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of a heart transplant

A

Advantages do not need to wait for long for an artificial heart less chance for patients amine system rejecting artificial heart disadvantages long waiting list for real hearts artificial heart does not work effectively in pumping blood around body

73
Q

How many stages are there to developing a drug and what are they

A

3
Preclinical testing
Whole organism testing
Clinical trials

74
Q

What happens in preclinical testing

A

Turn on a lavatory using cells tissues and live animals efficacy and toxicity are tested at this stage

75
Q

What happens in hall organism testing

A

Drugs tested on animals to see the effects on in a whole organism or medicines in the UK have to have tests on two different animals by law efficacy toxicity and dosage are tested at this stage

76
Q

What happens in clinical trials

A

The first stage uses healthy volunteers and patients very low doses of drugs are given at the start if the drug is found to be safe further clinical trials increased dosage to find the optimum dose for the drug stage two uses patients with conditions Haitians are split into two groups for double blind trials group with drug group with Placebo test the lowest dose

77
Q

What is a placebo

A

A tablet that looks like a drug but it’s not

78
Q

What are some aseptic techniques

A

All work should be carried out in front of a Bunsen burner with a yellow flame because bacteria is killed around the flame
Hot Igor jelly is poured into a sterilised petri dish the Petri dish and culture medium are heated to a high temperature to kill any potential microorganisms that could contaminate the experiment
An inoculating loop is passed through a hot flame before used to transfer bacteria to the culture medium microorganisms in the loop are killed to prevent contamination
Delete of petri dish should be secured with tape at intervals and dish stored upside down to prevent condensation from dripping onto surface of the agar

79
Q

What temperature must bacteria be incubated at in a school laboratory

A

Should not be stored above 25° to prevent harmful bacteria growing

80
Q

What is the mechanism of a viral diseases

A

Viruses reproduce by inserting genetic material in the house sells once many viruses copies have been made the house so will burst open and release viruses which infect other cells

81
Q

What are three viruses

A

Measles HIV tobacco mosaic virus

82
Q

What are the symptoms methods of transmission and treatment and prevention of measles

A

Symptoms
Fever blindness read blotchy rash methods of transmission coughing sneezing it is very contagious inhaling droplets treatment and prevention no specific treatment prevention includes getting vaccinated isolating infected individuals

83
Q

What are the symptoms methods of transmission and treatment and prevention of HIV

A

Flu like illness it can stay hidden till it is badly damaged the body methods of transmission Sharon blood sexual contact exchange of bodily fluids from mother to child during birth of breast milk feeding treatment there is no treatment

84
Q

What are the symptoms methods of transmission and treatment and prevention of tobacco mosaic virus

A

Symptoms distinctive mosaic pattern of discolouration of leaves as viruses infect chloroplast methods of transmission plants in direct contact with infected plants can stay in soil for 50 years treatment and prevention no treatment prevention includes good food hygiene using TMV resistant crops

85
Q

Mechanism of bacterial diseases

A

Bacteria produce toxins that damage cells and tissues directly

86
Q

Two bacterial diseases

A

Salmonella gonorrhoea

87
Q

What are the symptoms methods of transmission and treatment and prevention of salmonella

A

Symptoms include cramps diarrhoea heightened vomiting message of transmission contaminated food that has not been cooked properly commonly found in eggs and egg products treatment and prevention no treatment needed for severe illness antibiotics will be prescribed to prevent good hygiene cook and store food is at right temp

88
Q

What are the symptoms methods of transmission and treatment and prevention of Gonorrhoea

A

Symptoms include pain yellowish discharge from Vigina or penus methods of transmission unprotected sexual contact treatment and prevention abstain from sexual contact use condom and sex treated with antibiotics

89
Q

What is the mechanism of fungal diseases

A

Hyphae fungi grow and penetrate surface of plants and animals causing infections hyphae. Hyphae can also produce spores which can spread the infection to other organisms

90
Q

Two examples of fungal diseases

A

Rose black spot
Athletes foot

91
Q

What are the symptoms methods of transmission and treatment and prevention of rose black spot

A

Symptoms black spots on leaves of plants poor growth of plants due to reduced photosynthesis methods of transmission fungal spores carried in the wind or water treatment treating infected plants with gangicide chemicals

92
Q

How to protist disease is spread

A

Need a vector to transfer from one host to another

93
Q

Example of a protist disease

A

Malaria

94
Q

What are the symptoms methods of transmission and treatment and prevention of malaria

A

Symptoms include very cold fever headache chills sweats nausea vomiting shaking message of transmission bite of a mosquito treatment and prevention can be treated with drugs antimalarial drugs can be prescribed controlling mosquito population wear long clothes

Biology 4th form (11 decks)

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