Drugs and antibiotics Flashcards
What was the first medicine discovered, and who by
Penicillin by Alexander Fleming
What are all the new drugs tested for?
Toxicity, efficacy and dose
What is stage one of testing a new drug
It is called preclinical testing done in a lavatory using cells and tissues and live animals, efficacy and toxicity. I tested at this stage.
What is stage two of testing a new drug?
Whole organism testing drug is tested on animals to see the effects in a whole organism or medicines in the UK. Have to have tests on two different animals by law, efficacy, toxicity and dosage are tested at this point.
What is stage three of testing a new drug?
Clinical trials
What is the first stage of clinical trials?
Use healthy, volunteers and patience. Very low doses of drug given at the start. If the drug is found to be safe, further clinical trials, increased dosage to find optimum dose for the drug.
What is stage two of clinical trials?
Use patients with condition. Patients are split into two groups for double blind trials group with drug group with placebo test. The lowest dose
What is binary fission?
Replication of circular DNA a copy of circular DNA moves to each pole of cell cytoplasm, divides new cell walls form around each daughter cell for bacterial cells
What are the conditions for binary fission?
Nutrients and appropriate temperature
How do you calculate the rate of bacteria?
Number of colonies/hour
What are the two types of medication?
Antibiotics and painkillers
What are antibiotics
Medicines that kill bacteria, not viruses inside body by stopping the cellular processes
What are the four ways antibiotics affect bacteria cells
Disrupt cell wall synthesis.
Inhibit RNA synthesis.
Inhibit, DNA replication
Inhibit protein synthesis.
What is antibiotic resistant?
Antibiotics have been used too much and developed antibiotic resistant cells in your body
What are the steps of a cell becoming antibiotic resistant?
Bacteria have random mutations in DNA.
Some bacteria become antibiotic resistant.
If these resistant bacteria are exposed to antibiotics, they stay survived and reproduce overtime, the large production of antibiotic resistant bacteria.
