Plants 1.1 Flashcards
Roots
A part of a plant that attaches to the ground giving it water and nutrients.
Plants for fibre
Cotton, Hemp and flax.
Plants for food
Vegetables, fruits and more. 7 major food products:
- Wheat
- Rice
- Maize (corn)
- Potatoes
- Barley
- Cassava
- Sorghum
Plants for medicine
Many medicines contain ingredients from plants and before science evolved they used plants for medicine. Scientists copy teh plant to make a medicine.
Plants for transportation and construction
Scientists try to find different plants for rubber. Rubber (latex) and wood are commonly used plants.
Plants for fuel
Wood and coal is burning, heating you. Sediment compressed plant tissues and underwent chemical and physical changes becoming coal. Liquid fuel is alternative but not efficient.
Parts of a plant
Flower, leaves, stem, fruit, roots and seed.
Functions of a root
Anchor the plant in soil, absorb water and nutrients and store extra glucose and starch.
Common uses of roots
High energy foods and medicine
Root hairs
They are fine roots and small, increase the surface area and absorb more water and nutrients
Tap roots
They grow vertically down and makes it difficult for the plant to be removed. E.g: dandelions
Fibrous roots
They spread in the soil and and protect soil from erosion. E.g: green onions
Function in the stems
Support the plant, move water, nutrients and glucose and sometimes store extra food.
Common uses of stems
Fibres (paper, clothes, rope etc.), food, sap and can be found underground and above ground.
Herbaceous
Green and thin
Woody
Wood, thick and wide.
Runners
Grow horizontally above ground.
Rhizomes
Grow horizontally underground.
Tubers
Big rhizomes and runners growing underground.
Corms
Underground tubers that store energy to survive the winter or a drought.
Functions in leaves
Collect sunlight, photosynthesis and transpiration.
Common uses of leaves
Food: vitamins and minerals, medicine and tea.
Function of flower
Attract insects and birds for pollination, holds and protects ovules and pollen to make new seeds and plants.
Common uses of a flower
Makeup, roses, food delicacies and essential oils.
Function of seeds and grains
Used to start new plants (reproduction), can move plant DNA to new locations ( air, water, animals)
Common uses of seeds and grains
Grains for food, seeds for high protein foods and both for fuel.
Soil
Outermost solid layer, plants grow in it and soil composition affects plant growth.
How is soil formed
- Solid bedrock slowly weathers into small pieces (parent material)
- Simple plants begin growing
- Decomposing plants enrich soil
- Plant life attracts animals who burrow or live in soil
- Soil becomes complex
- Climate, time, location and life forms all affect soil formation
Horizons
Layers of soil (horizon), soil types have 3-4 horizons and soil profile exposes horizons.
Names of horizons
Organic layer, topsoil, subsoil, weathered parent material and rock parent material
Organic layer
Top part of the earth
Topsoil
Where plants roots grow
Subsoil
Getting worse than topsoil not very good for plants
Weathered plant material
Small pieces of bedrock and soil
Rock parent material
Small pieces of bedrock
What is soil made of
Inorganic material (abiotic), organic material (biotic), water and air
Organic material
Remains of plants and animals, bacteria earthworms fungus decompose organic material produce HUMUS, provides nutrients and structure, must be replenished to maintain nutrients
Inorganic material
Non-living material, composition affects texture
Clay
Small particles, compact and poor drainage. Not good for plants
Silty
Medium sized particles, rich in nutrients (fertile) and good drainage. Good for plants
Sandy
Large particles of rock and minerals and easy flow water. Not very good for plants
Loamy
A mixture of clay, silty and sandy and ideal for gardening. Best for plants
Practices to degrade soil
- Loss of organic matter
- Salinization (salty soil)
- Soil erosion caused by wind and water
Practices that enhance soil
- Add organic matter: menure, fertilizers
- Prevent erosion: shelter belts
- Reduce tillage planting without disturbing soil
Nitrogen for…
Growth of healthy stems and leaves
Phosphorus for…
Growth of healthy roots systems
Potassium for…
Promotion of growth of flowers and fruit
Particle model of matter
- All matter is made up of tiny particles
- There are spaces between particles
- Particles are always moving
Solid, liquid and gas
Solid: lots of close particles
Liquid: couple of particles not very close
Gas: few particles far apart
Diffusion
The movement of particles randomly from high concentration to low concentration with the goal of having equal amount of particles in the space.
Osmosis
The diffusion of water through a semi permeable membrane.
How does water enter roots
Roots absorb water and nutrients through osmosis. Water in the soil is high and moves into the roots low.
How do water and nutrients move through the plant
Through xylem and phloem.
How does water leave the plant
Through the stomata. Water is released and evaporated through the process of transpiration. It’s helps “pull” water up through the system.
How do plants make food (in detail)
Photosynthesis
Occurs in the leaves, in a cell structure called chloroplasts, inside it requires light, pigment called chlorophyll, CO2 and H2O to make sugar and oxygen.
What is the equation of photosynthesis
6CO2+6H2O+sunlight turns into C6H12O6+6O2
How do plants use the food made in photosynthesis
Glucose is used to supply the plant with energy and CO2 is used up and oxygen is released.
Photosynthesis happens… and respiration happens…
Photosynthesis happens at day time only and respiration happens only at night time.
Equation for respiration
C6H12O6+6O2 turns into 6CO2+6H2O+energy
What are the 2 different ways for plants to reproduce
Asexual and sexual.
Asexual reproduction
Produces an offspring (plant) that is identical to parent. Known as clones.
Sexual reproduction
Offspring that results different than the parent because the genes are from 2 parents. Involves meeting of pollen (sperm) and ovule (egg) to produce seed.
Runners
Stems that extend horizontally above ground.
Layering
Occurs when a branch of the parent bends down into the ground- covered with soil- and begins to grow its own roots.
Grafting
When you take a branch from a plant and attach it to another tree.
Cuttings
When you cut off leaves from a parent plant and put them in water to grow its own roots.
Parts of the flower
Pistil, Anther, Petal, Pollen tube, Ovule, Pollen, Ovary, Stamen, Stigma.
Female parts of flower
Pistil, Stigma, Ovule, Ovary.
Male parts of flower
Anther, Filament, Stamen, Pollen.
Both male and female parts of flower
Pollen tube, Petal.
Pistil
Entire female structure
Ovule
Carries female DNA
Ovary
Contains ovules
Stigma
Sticky, captures pollen grains
Anther
Produces pollen
Filament
Support
Pollen
Carries male DNA
Stamen
Entire male structure
Petal
Attracts pollinators
Pollen tube
Delivers pollen to ovule
Pollination
Occurs when pollen grain lands on stigma. A pollen tube grows down the style into the ovary. A sperm travels down the tube to fertilize the ovule.
Pollination occurs by
Wind: released into the air
Animals: insects move pollen from plant to plant
Artificial: humans breeding specialty plants
Cross-pollination
Pollen travels from one plant to another.
Self pollination
Pollen from a flower on one plant lands on another flower of the SAME plant.
Fertilization
Occurs when one sperm meets with one ovule and a new cell is formed.
Germination
It’s the development of a seed into a new plant.
What are the 3 conditions for germination
Water, oxygen and heat. WHO
What is inside a seed
Embryo and cotyledon
Embryo
Living baby plant
Cotyledon
Food for embryo to feed on to stay alive.
Seed coat
Protects embryo and its food.
Fruit
The growing ovary of the plant that swells and protects developing seeds.
What is the purpose of a fruit
- Protect embryo
2. Transportation of seed
How is a fruit an adaptation
It allows the seed to disperse and grow in a new environment.
Selective breeding
People choose specific plants with particular characteristics and encourage those plants to reproduce. Can only be sexual reproduction.
Examples of selective breeding
Seedless bananas, sweeter corn
What are advantages of selective breeding
Can choose specific plant characteristics in colour, flavour, size, pest and drought resistance.
Disadvantages of selective breeding
- Reduces biological diversity
- Increased risk from disease, pests, changing environments
- Weaker genetic traits can be passed on
Why does soil need air spaces in it
Plants and animals need oxygen in the soil you must have oxygen (air spaces).
