Earth

Question 1

What are rocks made of

Answer 1

Minerals

Question 2

What are minerals

Answer 2

Naturally occurring
Distinct chemical composition 
Distinct physical properties
Crystalline structure
Inorganic (not living)

Question 3

What is a gemstone

Answer 3

Usually a mineral, one that formed crystals then cut and polished to be made jewelry

Question 4

How do you tell what a mineral is

Answer 4

Lustre
Hardness
Cleavage/Fracture
Streak
Colour

Question 5

Lustre

Answer 5

Shiny or dull

Metallic or non-metallic

Question 6

Colour

Answer 6

One best describes the minerals appearance

Question 7

Streak

Answer 7

The colour of the powder of the mineral, can be a different colour.
(Making a streak with the mineral on a white, dull surface like paper)

Question 8

Cleavage or fracture

Answer 8

The way the mineral breaks apart
Fracture is rough and jagged break
Cleavage is a smooth flat surface broken

Question 9

Hardness

Answer 9

Hard or soft
Use teh Moh’s hardness scale (scratch test)
1 is the softest and 10 is the hardest

Question 10

Igneous rocks

Answer 10

formed by melting and cooling of lava or magma
Contain crystals 
Intrusive rocks form below the surface 
Extrusive rocks form above the surface
Granite, basalt, gabbre

Question 11

Sedimentary rocks

Answer 11

Formed when sediments (small bits) settle and form layers
Often contain fossils
Sediments are compacted and cemented together
Sandstone, limestone, conglomerate

Question 12

Metamorphic rocks

Answer 12

Formed below earths surface
Heat and pressure cause existing rock to transform
Marble, Quartzite, Slate

Question 13

Erosion

Answer 13

Movement of soil, rocks and minerals from one place to another
Gradual such as glaciers
Sudden change such as flash floods or earthquakes

Question 14

What are the 4 agents of erosion

Answer 14

1. Gravity
2. Glaciers
3. Wind
4. Moving water

Question 15

Weathering

Answer 15

The breaking down of rocks into smaller rocks and sediment

Question 16

The 3 types of weathering

Answer 16

1. Mechanical
2. Chemical
3. Biological

Question 17

Mechanical weathering

Answer 17

Caused by:
Gravity
Temperature change
Wind
Water

Question 18

Examples of mechanical weathering

Answer 18

Rock slides
Frost wedging
Rivers

Question 19

Chemical weathering

Answer 19

Caused by chemical reactions

Question 20

Examples of chemical weathering

Answer 20

Acid rain from pollution

Rust

Question 21

Biological weathering

Answer 21

Caused by living things

Can be Mechanical OR Chemical

Question 22

Examples of biological weathering

Answer 22

Tree roots in a sidewalk

Lichen or rocks

Question 23

Sedimentation

Answer 23

the opposite of weathering and erosion because it’s the process of soil being deposited resulting in teh formation of sedimentary rock

Question 24

Mold

Answer 24

Forms when an organism is buried in sediment.
Decays over time leaving an imprint of the organism behind
Like a cake pan

Question 25

Cast

Answer 25

Can a form after a mold fossil
Minerals, sediments and water fill it
Over time water evaporates cementing the sediments leaving behind a cast
If a mold is a cake pan a cast is the cake

Question 26

Carbon film

Answer 26

All living things contain carbon.
An organism that dies and is buried will break down until all is left is carbon
like a stamp left

Question 27

Traces fossil

Answer 27

A fossil that provides evidence that an organism lived rather than part of the organism itself
footprints, bite marks, tunnels, poop

Question 28

Preserved remains

Answer 28

Sometimes fossil form leaving the organism very close to their living state, they can form in:

1. Tar
2. Amber
3. Ice

Question 29

Petrified fossils

Answer 29

Forms as an organism decays being replaced with minerals and sediment.
Water will seep in while an organism weathers
evaporates leaving the dead organism in the place it died

Question 30

What are the 4 timescale geologically

Answer 30

1. Eons
2. Eras
3. Periods
4. Epochs

Question 31

Geologic timescale

Answer 31

A timescale over the 4.6 billion years of earth broken down into
Eons
Eras
Periods
Epochs

Question 32

Stratigraphy

Answer 32

The study of rock layers and what may be found within them (fossils)

Question 33

What are the 4 eras

Answer 33

1. Precambrian
2. Paleozoic
3. Mesozoic
4. Cenozoic

Question 34

Principle of Superstition

Answer 34

Oldest layers are at the bottom 
Youngest layers are at the top
Layers are called Strata
Layers from oldest to youngest:
Shale
Sandstone 
Shale
Lava flow
Limestone

Question 35

Strata

Answer 35

Layers in rock

Question 36

Relative age

Answer 36

Looking at which strata it’s in to determine how old

If there is a crack goes through the layer it must’ve happened

Question 37

Index fossils

Answer 37

Used to determine the relative age of layers

Question 38

Radiometric dating

Answer 38

Scientists look at the half life of an enemy in the rock

By looking at how much is left they can tell how long that rock has been there for

Question 39

Half-life

Answer 39

The amount of time it takes for half of a radioactive material to turn into another material

Question 40

Radiocarbon dating

Answer 40

A form of radio metric dating that scientist look at the half-life of carbon-14
C-14 has a short half-life
Used to measure fossils/living things
After 50 000 years there’s not enough C-14 to accurately measure