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Biology > Plant Structures and their functions > Flashcards

Plant Structures and their functions Flashcards

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1
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place?

A

Chloroplast

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2
Q

What is the function of the chlorophyll?

A

Absorbs light

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3
Q

What type of reaction is photosynthesis?

A

Endothermic (takes in energy)

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4
Q

What are the three limiting factors in photosynthesis?

A

Light intensity, the concentration of carbon dioxide and temperature

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5
Q

Function of the waxy cuticle

A
  • Top of the leaf

- Thin layer that prevents water loss

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6
Q

Function of the upper epidermis

A
  • Top of the leaf

- Transparent and allows light to pass through to the palisade layer

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7
Q

Function of the palisade layer

A
  • Packed with palisade leaf cells
  • Filled with chloroplast
  • Near the top of leaf to get as much light
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8
Q

Function of the spongy mesophyll layer

A
  • Middle of the leaf

- Contains air spaces to increase the rate of diffusion of gases in and out of the cell

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9
Q

Function of the lower epidermis layer

A
  • Bottom of the leaf

- contains alot of stomata

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10
Q

Function of the stomata

A
  • tiny pores on the surface of the leaf

- allows carbon dioxide and oxygen to diffuse directly in and out of the of leaf

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11
Q

Function of the guard cells

A
  • The change size to control the size of the stomata
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12
Q

Function of the root hair cell

A
  • Take in minerals by active transport and water by osmosis
  • Gives the plant a large surface area for absorbing water and minerals from the soil
  • Large mitochondria from respiration for active transport
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13
Q

Function of the phloem

A
  • Transport food (sugars). This called translocation
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14
Q

Adaptations of the phloem

A
  • Made of living cells in a columns with small pores in the end walls
  • Move in both directions
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15
Q

Function of xylem

A
  • Transport water and minerals. This called transpiration
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16
Q

Adaptations of the xylem

A
  • Made of dead cells joined with no cell walls between them
  • The walls around are strengthened with lignin
  • The move in one direction from roots to leaves
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17
Q

How does transpiration work?

A
  • By evaporation and diffusion
  • The water lost is drawn up from the rest of the plant through the xylem vessels
  • This is known as the transpiration stream
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18
Q

Light intensity formula

A

1/(dxd)

19
Q

Explain light intensity being a limiting factor

A
  • At first light intensity is directly proportional to the rate of photosynthesis until a certain point
  • When the line on the graph plateaus light is no longer the limiting factor
20
Q

Explain carbon dioxide being a limiting factor

A
  • As the carbon dioxide increases the rate of photosynthesis also increases until a certain point
  • When the line plateaus carbon dioxide is no longer the limiting factor
21
Q

Explain temperature being a limiting factor

A
  • If the temperature is too low the enzymes for photosynthesis will work slower
  • If it is too hot the enzymes will denature
  • This happens around 45 degrees
22
Q

What are the factors affect transpiration?

A
  • Light intensity
  • Temperature
  • Air Flow
  • Humidity
23
Q

How can you estimate transpiration rate?

A

Potometer

24
Q

How can you investigate the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis?

A
  • Add sodium hydrogen carbonate to pondweed in water to make sure the pondweed gets enough carbon dioxide
  • Attach gas syringe
  • Put light sources at a specific distance
  • Leave for a certain amount of time
  • Repeat with different distances.
25
Q

What are auxins?

A

Plant hormones which control growth at the tips of shoots and roots

26
Q

What do the auxins do?

A

They dissolve in the solutions of the cell. They then diffuse backwards along the shoots and the roots.

27
Q

What does auxins do at the roots?

A

Inhibit growth

28
Q

What does auxins do at the shoots?

A

Stimulate growth

29
Q

What is it called when a plant responds to light?

A

Phototropism

30
Q

What side will the auxins accumulate?

A

They will either go on the shaded side or the lower side.

31
Q

What are the shoots positively and negatively?

A

They positively phototropic and negatively gravitropic

32
Q

What does it mean to be positively phototropic?

A

Grow towards the light

33
Q

What does it mean to be positively gravitropic?

A

Grow towards the gravity

34
Q

What are the roots positively and negatively?

A

They are negatively phototropic and negatively gravitropic

35
Q

What causes plants to grow towards the light?

A

Auxins accumulate on the shaded side. Therefore the cells on the shaded sides grow faster which causes the plant to bend to the light.

36
Q

What causes the roots to curve downwards?

A

If exposed to light the auxins will accumulate on the lower shaded side and in the roots auxins inhibit growth which them causes the upper side to grow faster

37
Q

What are the 3 uses of auxins?

A
  • To grow plant clones
  • To grow plant cuttings
  • To kill weeds
38
Q

How does auxins kill plants?

A

By adding a lot of auxins it can disrupt the plants growth patterns

39
Q

What are 3 uses of gibberellin?

A
  • Controlling dormancy
  • Inducing Flowering
  • Grow larger fruits
40
Q

How does gibberellin control dormancy?

A

Induces germination at certain times of the year when plants dont have the right conditions to grow

41
Q

How does gibberellin induce flowering?

A

Flowers need certain conditions to grow but gibberellin allows flowers to grow on demand which can allow farmers to grow bigger and more flowers

42
Q

How does gibberellin help growing larger fruits?

A

It is useful for seedless fruits that naturally dont grow as seeded fruits. Gibberellin allows the fruits to grow well.

43
Q

What is the used of the hormone ethene for plants?

A

Stimulate the ripening of fruits by stimulating a hormone.

Biology (11 decks)

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