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Biology > Ecosystems and Material Cycles > Flashcards

Ecosystems and Material Cycles Flashcards

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1
Q

Individual definition

A

A single organism

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2
Q

Population definition

A

All organisms of one species in a habitat

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3
Q

Community definition

A

All organisms of different species living in a habitat

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4
Q

Ecosystem definition

A

A community of organisms along with all the non-living abiotic conditions

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5
Q

What is mutualism?

A

A relationship where two organisms benefit from each other

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6
Q

What is an example of a mutualistic relationship?

A

Bee and flowers

  • bees help the flowers reproduce
  • bees receive pollen
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7
Q

What are parasites?

A

They live closely with a host species. They live either in them or on them. But the host does not benefit

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8
Q

What are abiotic factors?

A

Non-living factors that affect the community

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9
Q

What are biotic factors?

A

Living factors that affect the community

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10
Q

What are some abiotic factors?

A
  • Temperature
  • amount of water
  • light intensity
  • levels of pollutants
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11
Q

What are some biotic factors?

A
  • Conditions

- Predation

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12
Q

How do you use a quadrat?

A
  • throw randomly
  • count organisms your interest in
  • repeat a few times
  • work out the mean
  • compare results
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13
Q

What is the formula for efficiency of energy transfer?

A

(energy transferred to next level / energy available from previous) x 100

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14
Q

How can rain cause eutrophication?

A
  • nitrates are used as fertilisers
  • when it rains the nitrates can find they way into the rivers and lakes
  • nitrate causes algae to grow fast and block light
  • plants cant photosynthesis due to lack of light
  • plants die
  • microorganisms that feed off decomposing plants and take up oxygen
  • causes the death of animals in the sea as they need oxygen for aerobic respiration
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15
Q

What is a non-indigenous species?

A

A species that doesn’t naturally occur in an area

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16
Q

What are the ways to conserve biodiversity?

A
  • reforestation
  • conservation species’ natural habitat
  • protecting zoos
17
Q

What are the benefits of reforestation?

A
  • brings higher biodiversity
  • brings food and shelter
  • brings a variety of trees and plants
18
Q

What are the biological factors that affect the level of food security?

A
  • Increasing consumption of meat and fish, and animal farming
  • environmental changes caused by human activity - green house gases
  • sustainability
  • new pests and pathogens
19
Q

What is desalination?

A

Removes salts (mineral ions) from salt water

20
Q

What is the modern method of desilation?

A
  • reverse osmosis

- movement of water from an area of lower salt concentration to an area of higher salt concentration

21
Q

What are the indicators of low water pollution?

A
  • stonefly larvae
  • freshwater shrimps
  • they are very sensitive to the concentration of dissolved oxygen in water
22
Q

What are the indicators of high water pollution

A
  • bloodworms
  • sludge worms
  • indicate high levels of water pollution
23
Q

How can air pollution be monitored?

A

Looking for types of lichen that are very sensitive to the concentration of sulphur dioxide in the atmosphere

24
Q

What do blackspot fungus indicate?

A
  • found on rose leaves
  • it is sensitive to the level of sulphur dioxide in the air
  • shows there is clean air
25
Q

Why do things decompose?

A

Because of microorganisms

26
Q

What are the three factors that affect the rate of decay?

A
  • temperature
  • water content
  • oxygen availability
27
Q

What does storing food in the fridge do?

A
  • It lowers the temp of the food

- slows the decomposers rate of reproducers

28
Q

What does storing food in an airtight can do?

A
  • stops microorganisms getting in
  • they are sealed and sterilised
  • they are exposed to high pressure and temp to kill the organisms
29
Q

What does removing the water content in the food do?

A
  • microorganisms wont survive and reproduce

- lose of water due to osmosis

Biology (11 decks)

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