Animal Coordination, Control and Homeostatis Flashcards by Keziah Kazadi

What are hormones?

Chemical messengers sent in the blood.

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How are hormone produced?

They are secreted by various glands called endocrine glands

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What is the function of the pituitary gland?

Produces many hormones that regulate body conditions

- These hormones act on other glands causing them to release hormones that bring about change

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What is the function of the thyroid gland?

Produces thyroxine

- Regulates rate of metabolism, heart rate and temperature

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What is the function of the adrenal glands?

Produces adrenaline

- Prepare the body for a ‘fight or flight’ response

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What is the function of the ovaries?

Produces oestrogen
Involved in menstrual cycle
female only

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What is the function of the testes?

Produces testosterone
controls puberty and sperm production
male only

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What is the function of the pancreas?

Produces insulin

- Regulate the blood glucose level

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What are difference with hormone and neurones?

Neurones = Very fast action, act for a very short time and act on a specific area.
Hormones = Slower reaction, act for a long time and act in a more general way.

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What does a negative response do in the body?

When the body detects the of a substance has gone above or below the normal level it triggers a response to bring the level back to normal again.

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What happens in stage 1 of the menstrual cycle?

Day 1 to 4 is when menstruation starts and the uterus lining breaks down and is released.

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What happens in stage 2 of the menstrual cycle?

Day 4 to Day 14 is when the uterus lining is repaired until it becomes a thick spongy layer of blood vessels to get ready for a fertilized egg to implant there.

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What happens in stage 3 of the menstrual cycle?

Day 14 is when an egg develops and is released from the ovary.

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What happens in stage 4 of the menstrual cycle?

For about 14 days (until day 28) the lining is maintained. If no fertilized egg has landed on the uterus walls by day 28, the spongy lining starts to break down again and the whole cycle starts over.

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What does FSH stand for?

Follicle-stimulating hormone

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What is the function of the FSH in the menstrual cycle?

Released by pituitary gland

- Causes a follicle to mature in one of the ovaries which stimulates oestrogen production

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What is the function of oestrogen in the menstrual cycle?

Released by ovaries
Causes the lining of the uterus to thicken and grow
A high level stimulates an LH surge (a rapid increase)

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What does LH stand for?

Luteinising hormone

What is the function of LH in the menstrual cycle?

Released by pituitary gland
LH surge stimulates ovulation at day 14
The follicle ruptures and the egg is released
Stimulates the remains of the follicle to develop into a structure called corpus luteum which secretes progesterone

What is the function of progesterone in the menstrual cycle?

Released by corpus luteum after ovulation
Maintains the lining of the uterus
Inhibits the release of FSH and LH

What does Clomifene therapy do?

A drug that causes more FSH and LH to be released by the body which stimulates egg maturation and ovulating

What does IVF do?

It involves collecting eggs from the woman’s ovaries and fertilizing them in a lab using the man’s sperm to then grow an embryos.

What does the contraception pill do?

Contains a mixture of oestrogen and progesterone. Oestrogen inhibits the production of FSH which causes no egg development or it being released. Progesterone stimulates a thick mucus in the cervix which stops sperm reaching the egg. It is 99% effective.

What does the contraceptive patch do?

Placed on arm and it slowly releases oestrogen progesterone and it lasts for 1 week.

What does the contraceptive injection do?

Progesterone is injected into the arm and lasts for 2-3 months.

What does the contraceptive implant do?

A small device is placed under the skin of the arm and it slowly releases progesterone for up to 3 years.

What does IUD do?

Placed inside the uterus. The plastic one produces progesterone and the copper one kills sperm. They both last over 3 years.

What does the condom do?

Worn over the penis and it stop sperm getting into the vagina. It also stops STDs. There ones for females that re placed in the cervix.

What does the diaphragm do?

Fits over the uterus and it prevents sperm entering the uterus. It is unreliable so it has to be used with spermicide.

How is type 1 diabetes caused?

The pancreas produces little or no insulin which causes the blood glucose to rise.

What treatment can people with type 1 diabetes take?

Insulin injections usually before or after mealtimes to make sure that the glucose is removed from the blood quickly once the food is digested.

What can people with type 1 diabetes do to limit the amount of glucose in the blood?

Limit the intake of foods rich in simple carbohydrates and exercise to remove excess glucose

How is type 2 diabetes caused?

When the cells in the body become resistant to insulin which causes the cells to not respond to insulin anymore.

What treatment can people with type 2 diabetes take?

They cant take any treatments but they are advised to have a healthy, low sugar diet and to exercise regularly.

What is the difference between the endocrine system and the nervous system?

Endocrine = Relies on hormones, transported through the blood, spread slower than electrical impulses but the effects last longer, act generally Nervous system = Relies on electrical impulses, transported along nerve cells, spread faster but the effects dont last very long, act on specific areas

What is thermoregulation used for?

To control our internal body temperature

Which part of the brain controls thermoregulation?

Hypothalamus

What mechanisms does the body use to warm us up?

- The blood vessels that lie on the surface of the skin constrict to decrease the amount of blood that flows near the surface. This then decreases the amount of heat energy lost - Contraction of erector muscles to trap a small layer of insulating air - Hair stands up straight - We shiver which is caused by the muscles contracting automatically

What mechanisms does the body use to cool us down?

- Erector muscles relax causing the hairs to fall flat - The blood vessels expand to allow more heat energy to transfer to the surroundings as it is closer to the skin surface - We produce sweat which is a mixture of water and salt so when it evaporates it takes heat energy away from the skin

What happens if there is too much water in the blood?

- the water will move into the body cells by osmosis | - the cell will burst

What is the function of the kidney?

filter blood and removes waste products (urea)

What structure is the kidney made out of?

nephron

What happens at the first tubule in the kidney?

- The liquid part of the blood is diffused out of the glomerulus - e.g water, glucose, amino acids and urea - ultrafiltration into the bowman's capsule