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Biology > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

What produces gametes?

A

Meiosis

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2
Q

Where does meiosis happens?

A

In the reproductive organs; Ovaries and testes.

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3
Q

Explain the first division in meiosis

A
  • The cell duplicates its DNA
  • The cell divides into two
  • The chromosomes line up in pair at the centre of the cell
  • One chromosome in a pair comes from each parent
  • The pairs are then pulled apart so each new cell has one copy of each chromosome
  • Each new cell now has a mixture of the mother’s and father’s chromosomes
  • This creates genetic variation
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4
Q

Explain the second division in meiosis

A
  • The chromosomes line up in the centre of the cell
  • The chromatids are pulled apart
  • You get four haploid daughter cells
  • The gametes are genetically different
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5
Q

What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?

A
  • It is faster
  • Only one parent is needed
  • Make use of resources
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6
Q

What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?

A
  • Genetic variation so easier to adapt to the environment

- not genetically identical

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7
Q

What are the disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

A
  • Genetically identical so there is no genetic variation
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8
Q

What are the disadvantages of sexual reproduction?

A
  • A mate is needed so it takes longer
  • More time and energy
  • Slower growth
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9
Q

What are DNA made up of?

A

They are polymers made up of lots of repeating units of nucleotides.

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10
Q

Explain the structure of DNA

A
  • It has a double helix shape
  • Has sugar-phosphate backbone
  • There are four bases - adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine
  • The bases have complementary base pairing
  • Adenine is complementary to Thymine
  • Cytosine is complementary to Guanine
  • The complementary bases are held together by weak hydrogen bonds
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11
Q

Where is DNA stored?

A

In the chromosome

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12
Q

Explain the structure of the chromosomes

A
  • Long coiled up molecules of DNA

- Found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

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13
Q

Describe the practical of extracting DNA from fruit cells

A
  • Mash strawberries an put in beaker containing detergent and salt and mix well
  • Filter the mixture to get the big insoluble bits out of the cell out
  • Add ice-cold alcohol to mixture
  • The DNA will come out the solution as it is not soluble in cold alcohol.
  • It will appear as a stringy white precipitate
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14
Q

How are proteins made?

A

By reading the code in DNA

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15
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

Amino acids

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16
Q

Homozygous meaning

A

The alleles are the same

17
Q

Heterozygous meaning

A

The alleles are different

18
Q

How are proteins made?

A

Made by reading the code in DNA

19
Q

What are genes?

A

Sections in DNA that code for a certain protein.

20
Q

What decides the order of the amino acids in a protein?

A

The order of bases in a gene.

21
Q

How are amino acids coded for?

A

By a sequence of three bases called a base triplet. The amino acids join together to make protein following the order of the bases.

22
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A random change in an organism’s DNA base sequence.

23
Q

What are the bases used in protein synthesis?

A

Guanine and Cytosine pair up

Uracil and Adenine pair up

24
Q

What is mRNA?

A

Is a polymer of nucleotide, but is shorter and single stranded

25
Q

What is RNA polymerase?

A

Is the enzyme involved in joining RNA nucleotides to make mRNA.

26
Q

Explain the stage of transcription in protein synthesis

A
  • RNA polymerase binds to a region of non-coding DNA
  • The DNA is unzipped by the enzyme helicase
  • The RNA polymerase moves along one strand of the DNA
  • The coding DNA in the gene is used as a template for the mRNA making.
  • Base pairing is ensured between the DNA and RNA ensures that mRNA is complementary to the gene
  • When done the mRNA molecules move out the nucleus pores and joins with the ribosome
27
Q

Explain the stage of translation in protein synthesis

A
  • Amino acids are brought to the ribosomes by tRNA
  • The order of the base triplets matches the order of amino acids brought to the membrane
  • Part of the tRNA (anticodons) is complementary to the codon for amino acids
  • The amino acids are joined together by the ribosomes and this makes a polypeptide (protein)
28
Q

What did Mendel do with the pea plants?

A

He crossed a dwarf pea plant and a tall pea plant but all their offspring’s were tall pea plants. He then bred two of these tall pea plant but two of their offspring’s were tall and one was a dwarf pea plant. This showed that the height characteristics in pea plants were determined by separately inherited passed on from each parent.

29
Q

What did Mendel’s pea plant experiment show?

A
  • Characteristics in plants are determined by hereditary units
  • These units are passed on to offspring’s from both parent
  • These units can be dominant or recessive
30
Q

What is an allele?

A

2 versions of each gene present in the pair of chromosomes.

31
Q

How many chromosome are in the body?

A

46 chromosomes which make 23 pairs

Biology (11 decks)

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