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Biology > Exchange and transport in plants > Flashcards

Exchange and transport in plants Flashcards

1
Q

What three factors affect diffusion?

A

Distance, concentration difference and surface area

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2
Q

How does distance affect diffusion?

A

Substances diffuse more quickly when they haven’t as far to move.

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3
Q

How does the concentration difference affect diffusion?

A

Substances diffuse faster if there’s a big difference in concentration between the area they are diffusion from and the area they are diffusing to.

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4
Q

How does the surface area affect diffusion?

A

The more surface there is available for molecules to move across, the faster they can get from one side to another

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5
Q

Where does gas exchange take place in mammals?

A

Alveoli

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6
Q

What is the function of the red blood cells?

A

Carry oxygen from the lungs to all the cells in the body.

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7
Q

What are the adaptations of the red blood cells?

A
  • Biconcave disc shape
  • No nucleus
  • Red pigment called haemoglobin
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8
Q

Why does the red blood cell have a biconcave disc shape?

A

To give a large surface area for absorbing oxygen

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9
Q

Why does the red blood cell have no nucleus?

A

More room to carry oxygen

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10
Q

Why does the red blood cell have haemoglobin?

A
  • Contains iron

- Binds to oxygen in the lungs

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11
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

A
  • Defend against infection.

- Two types are lymphocytes and phagocytes

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12
Q

What is the function of the lymphocytes?

A

Produce antibodies against microorganisms. Some produce antitoxins to neutralise any toxins produced by the microorganism

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13
Q

What is the function of phagocytes?

A

They change shapes to engulf unwelcome mircoorganisms

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14
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Help blood clot at wounds. They also stop blood pouring out an d microorganisms getting in.

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15
Q

What are the adaptations of platelets?

A

Small fragments of cells and have no nucleus.

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16
Q

What is the function of the plasma?

A

The liquid that carries everything in blood.

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17
Q

What does the plasma carry?

A
  • Red and white blood cells and the platelets
  • Nutrients like glucose and amino acids
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Urea
  • Hormones
  • Proteins
  • Antibodies and antitoxins
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18
Q

What are the three blood vessels?

A
  • Arteries
  • Capillaries
  • Veins
19
Q

What is the function of the arteries?

A

Carry blood away from the heart under high pressure

20
Q

What are the adaptations of the arteries?

A
  • Strong and elastic artery walls to pump blood at high pressures
  • Thick walls compared to lumen
  • Thick layers of muscles to make the strong
  • elastic fibres to allow them to stretch and spring back
21
Q

What is the function of the capillaries?

A

Involved in the exchange of materials at the tissues

22
Q

What are the adaptations of the capillaries?

A
  • Very narrow so they can squeeze into the gaps between cells.
  • Permeable walls so substances can diffuse in an out
  • Supply food and oxygen and take away waste like carbon dioxide
  • One cell thick to increase the rate of diffusion by decreasing the distance over which it occurs
  • Very small lumen
23
Q

What is the function of the veins?

A

Carry blood to the heart

24
Q

What are the adaptations of veins?

A
  • Lower pressure in the veins so the walls don’t need to be as thick as artery walls
  • Bigger lumen to help the blood flow despite the lower pressure
  • Have valves to help keep the blood flowing in the right direction
25
Q

What is the double circulatory system do?

A

The heart pumps blood around the body in two circuits

26
Q

What happens with deoxygenated blood go in the body?

A

The heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to take in oxygen

27
Q

What happens with oxygenated blood go in the body?

A

The heart pumps oxygenated blood around all the other organs of the body to deliver oxygen to the body cells

28
Q

What side of the heart is thicker?

A

The left ventricle

29
Q

Why is the left ventricle thicker?

A

It needs more muscle to pump blood around the whole body at a high pressure

30
Q

How do you calculate cardiac output?

A

Heart rate x stroke volume

31
Q

What is the function of the valves inn the heart?

A

Stop the back flow of blood.

32
Q

What is the function of the pacemakers in the right atrium?

A

They create small electrical impulses which spread through the muscular walls of the heart causing it to contract

33
Q

What is the function of the coronary arteries?

A

Makes sure the muscle tissues get enough oxygen and nutrients

34
Q

Definition of cellular respiration

A

An exothermic reaction, that transfers energy from glucose, and is constantly occurring in living cells.

35
Q

Describe aerobic respiration

A
  • More common
  • It takes place when there is enough oxygen
  • Most efficient way to transfer energy from glucose
  • Takes place continuously
  • Takes place in mitochondria
36
Q

What is the equation for aerobic respiration?

A

glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water

37
Q

Describe anaerobic respiration

A
  • Takes place when there isn’t oxygen
  • It happens when we can’t get enough oxygen for aerobic respiration
  • Inefficient
38
Q

What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in mammal?

A

glucose -> lactic acid

39
Q

Why is anaerobic inefficient?

A

There is in complete breakdown if glucose molecules because there is no oxygen to oxidize with. Therefore it is inefficient because we are not unlocking all the energy within the glucose molecules

40
Q

What is the equation for aerobic respiration in plants and yeast?

A

glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide

41
Q

rate of diffusion is proportional to…

A

surface area x concentration difference / thickness of membrane

42
Q

What happens if the surface area or the difference in concentration doubles?

A

The rate of diffusion will double

43
Q

What happens if the thickness of membrane halves?

A

The rate of diffusion will half

Biology (11 decks)

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