Health, Disease and the Development of Medicines Flashcards
How does WHO define health
the state of complete physical, mental and social well-being.
Communicable Disease meaning
Diseases that can be spread between individuals
Non-communicable Disease meaning
Diseases that can’t be spread between individuals
What does it mean to be susceptible to a disease
An increased chance of getting the disease
Describe the disease cholera
- Caused by a bacteria
- Symptoms - Diarrhoea
- Spread through contaminated water
- Prevent - drink and use safe water
Describe the disease tuberculosis
- Caused by a bacteria
- Symptoms - coughing and causes lung damage
- Spread through the air when infected people cough
- Prevent - Infected should avoid crowed public areas and practise goo hygiene
Describe the disease malaria
- Caused by a protist
- Symptoms - causes damage to red blood cells and to liver
- Mosquitoes they pass on the protist to humans by biting people
- Prevent - Use mosquito nets and insect repellent
Describe the disease stomach ulcers
- Caused by bacteria
- Symptoms - stomach pain, nausea and vomiting
- Spread by oral transmission such as swallowing contaminated water or food
- Prevent - Have clean water supplies and hygienic living conditions
Describe the disease ebola
- Caused by virus
- Symptoms - Haemorrhagic fever (fever with bleeding)
- Spread by bodily fluids
- Prevent - Isolating the infected and cleaning areas where the virus may be
Describe the disease salmonella
- Caused by bacteria in uncooked food
- Symptoms - abdominal cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea
- Spread by uncooked food or unhygienic food
- Prevent - Cooking food fully
Describe the disease chalara ash dieback
- Caused by a fungus
- Symptoms - leaf loss and bark wounds
- Spread by through air
- Prevent - Removing infected ash trees
Explain the structure of a virus
- They aren’t cells
- Has genetic material inside a coat of protein
What are the two ways viruses can reproduce?
Lytic pathway and lysogenic pathway
What is the lytic pathway?
- Virus attaches to host cell and inject all its genetic material into the cell
- The virus used the materials, enzymes and proteins, to replicate its genetic material and produce viruses
- The components assemble
- The host cell burst open releasing the new viruses to infect more cells
What is the lysogenic pathway?
- Virus attaches to host cell and inject all its genetic material into the genome of the host cell
- The virus used the materials, enzymes and proteins, to replicate its genetic material
- No new virus are made
- The host cell divides but the virus is inactive
- When triggered the viral genetic material will leave the genome and enter the lytic pathway
Describe the disease HIV
- Kills white blood cells
- Will lead to AIDS
- Deteriorates a persons immune system and will eventually fail
- Can make people more susceptible to infections by other pathogens
- Passed by bodily fluids
Describe the disease chlamydia
- A bacterium
- Can only reproduce in a host cell
- It can cause infertility in men and women
- Can be reduced if you practise safe sex i.e. wearing condoms
- An infected person should avoid sexual contact
What are antigens?
They are found on pathogens. They are specific to the pathogen.
What are antibodies?
They are found on lymphocytes. They are specific to the lymphocytes.
What are lymphocytes?
Special white blood cells that are used to combat pathogens if they get into the body.
What is herd immunity?
When a high percentage of the community is immune to a disease.
How does a vaccine work?
An inactive or weak version of the disease is injected into the body. The immune system will detect this and will begin to release lymphocytes which attack the disease. There will be some memory lymphocytes left behind so when the person gets the actual disease the immune system will be able to attack the disease faster.
What does antibiotics treat?
They slow down or stop the growth of bacteria. E.g . penicillin
What does antibiotics treat?
They slow down or stop the growth of bacteria. E.g . penicillin
What is the process of clinical trials?
Starts by testing medicine on tissue cells or cells to see if it can get into diseased cells and has desired effect. Then tested on on animals to see if the medicine affects the body system
Then a small clinical trial to find out whether the medicine is safe for humans to take and that the harmful side effects are limited.
A large clinical trail is held to find out the right amount of medicine to use and whether different people have different side effects.
What is the double-blind trail?
When patients are given the new drug or is given a placebo (a non-harmful substance that dies nothing) and nor the patient or doctor know until the results have been gathered.
What do we do the double-blind trail?
Due to the placebo effect, patients will expect the treatment to work and so they will feel better even though the treatment is doing nothing. This is so there is no bias results.
Describe the deficiency disease Kwashiorkor
CAUSE- lack of protein
SYMPTOMS- enlarged belly, small muscles and lack of growth
GOOD SOURCES - meat, fish, dairy, eggs and pulses
Describe the deficiency disease scurvy
CAUSE - lack of vitamin C
SYMPTOMS - swelling, bleeding gums, muscle and joint pains and tiredness
GOOD SOURCES - citrus fruits and some vegetables
Describe the deficiency disease rickets / asteomalacia
CAUSE - lack of vitamin D and calcium
SYMPTOMS - soft bones, curved leg bones
GOOD SOURCES - fish and diary products
Describe the deficiency disease anaemia
CAUSE - lack of iron
SYMPTOMS - red blood cells are smaller than normal
GOOD SOURCES - red meat , dark green leafy vegetables and egg yolks
waist-to-hip ratio
waist circumference / hip circumference
What is cardiovascular disease?
Any disease associated with your heart and blood vessels.
What is the function of the arteries?
Carry blood vessels away from the heart.
what is the cardiovascular disease?
Any diseases to do with the heart or blood vessels
What causes CVD?
- Cholesterol that builds up in the arteries
What do people with CVD do to their lifestyles?
- exercise more
- healthy diet
What does statins do for CVD?
- They reduce the amount
of cholesterol in the bloodstream - It slows the rate at which fatty deposits from
- It reduces the risk or heart attacks and strokes
- can aching muscles or even liver damage
What does Anticoagulants do for CVD?
- Drugs that make blood clots more likely
- Can excessive bleeding if someone is hurt in an accident
What does Antihypertensive do for CVD?
- Reduce blood pressure
- Prevents damage to blood vessels and reduces the risk of fatty acids forming
- can cause headaches and fainting
What does stents do for CVD?
- tubes inserted into the arteries to keep them open to make sure blood passes to the heart muscles
- lowers the risk of heart attacks
- they need to take drugs to stop blood clotting on the stent
What is coronary bypass surgery?
- if blood vessel is blocked they can take a healthy vessel and can be used to bypass the blocked section
What causes a trigger in the lysogenic pathway?
- The presence of a chemical
