Natural Selection and Genetic Modification

Question 1

What does GENIE stand for?

Answer 1

Genetic Variation
Environmental change
Natural Selection
Inheritance
Evolution

Question 2

How does bacteria provide evidence for evolution?

Answer 2

• Bacteria sometimes get random mutations in their DNA
• There is genetic variation within the population and some bacteria will have a antibiotic resistance allele
• When exposed to the antibiotic the bacteria without the resistant allele will die but those with will survive
• The resistant will reproduce and pass this allele on
• The resistant allele will become more common in the population

Question 3

Who came up theory of evolution?

Answer 3

Charles Darwin

Question 4

Describe the Ardi fossil

Answer 4

• 4.4 million years old
• Feet structure suggests they climbed trees
• Long arms but short legs
• Small brain and low skull volume
• Walked upright

Question 5

Describe the Lucy fossil

Answer 5

• 3.3 million years old
• Arched feet so more adapted to walking than climbing
• Walked upright
• Small brain due to low skull volume

Question 6

Describe the Homo erectus fossil

Answer 6

• 1.6 million years old
• Short arms and long legs like humans
• Bigger skull volume so bigger brain size
• Better adapted to walking upright than lucy

Question 7

How can date tools/fossils?

Answer 7

• Radiometric carbon dating - By looking at the natural radioactive decay of an isotope of carbon-14 to estimate how long ago an organism and used the tools
• Stratifying rock layers - Looking at each layer of sediment in which the tool was found in as rock layers take time to form

Question 8

What are the 5 kingdoms?

Answer 8

Animals, plants, fungi, prokaryotes and protists

Question 9

What is a prokayote?

Answer 9

All single cells organism without a nucleus

Question 10

What is a eukaryote?

Answer 10

cells organism with a nucleus

Question 11

Mnemonic for kingdoms subdived

Answer 11

Did King Phil Come Over For Good Soup

Question 12

What is the order of the taxonomy?

Answer 12

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species

Question 13

What are the three large groups of domains?

Answer 13

Archaea, bacteria and eukarya

Question 14

What is the archaea domain?

Answer 14

Similar to bacteria but have differences in their DNA and RNA sequence.
e.g. can be found in hot springs and salt lakes

Question 15

What is the bacteria domain?

Answer 15

This domain contains true bacteria.

e.g. Coli and staphylococcus

Question 16

What is the eukarya domain?

Answer 16

Includes a broad range of organisms such as fungi, plants, animals and protists

Question 17

Describe the process of selective breeding

Answer 17

• When plants or animals with desirable characteristics are bred together.
• Then breed the offspring’s together until there are several generations
  e. g. animals that produce a high yield, bigger fruits and crops with disease resistance

Question 18

What are the advantages of selective breeding?

Answer 18

• Genetic Variation = for farmers when producing the goods the animals will have a high yield
• Medical Research

Question 19

What are the disadvantages of selective breeding?

Answer 19

• Reduces gene pool
• Lead to inbreeding which causes health problems
• No genetic variation
• Seen as unethical

Question 20

What is tissue culture?

Answer 20

Growing cells on an artificial growth medium

Question 21

How does tissue culture work?

Answer 21

• Choose plant with desired characteristics
• Remove small pieces of tissue from parent plant
• Transfer to plates containing growth medium with nutrients and growth hormones

Question 22

Describe tissue culture in animals

Answer 22

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Question 23

What is genetic engineering?

Answer 23

It involves modifying an organisms genome to introduce desirable traits.

Question 24

What is a restriction enzyme?

Answer 24

They recognise specific sequences of DNA and cut the DNA at these points.

Question 25

What is ligase enzyme?

Answer 25

They are used to join two pieces of DNA together at their sticky ends.

Question 26

How does genetic engineering work?

Answer 26

• The desired gene you want is cut out with restriction enzymes
• The vector DNA is also cut open with the restriction enzyme
• They are both left with sticky ends
• Ligase joins the pieces together to make a recombinant DNA
• The new DNA are inserted into the other cells

Question 27

Explain biological control methods

Answer 27

Use other organisms to kill the pests