Natural Selection and Genetic Modification Flashcards
What does GENIE stand for?
Genetic Variation Environmental change Natural Selection Inheritance Evolution
How does bacteria provide evidence for evolution?
- Bacteria sometimes get random mutations in their DNA
- There is genetic variation within the population and some bacteria will have a antibiotic resistance allele
- When exposed to the antibiotic the bacteria without the resistant allele will die but those with will survive
- The resistant will reproduce and pass this allele on
- The resistant allele will become more common in the population
Who came up theory of evolution?
Charles Darwin
Describe the Ardi fossil
- 4.4 million years old
- Feet structure suggests they climbed trees
- Long arms but short legs
- Small brain and low skull volume
- Walked upright
Describe the Lucy fossil
- 3.3 million years old
- Arched feet so more adapted to walking than climbing
- Walked upright
- Small brain due to low skull volume
Describe the Homo erectus fossil
- 1.6 million years old
- Short arms and long legs like humans
- Bigger skull volume so bigger brain size
- Better adapted to walking upright than lucy
How can date tools/fossils?
- Radiometric carbon dating - By looking at the natural radioactive decay of an isotope of carbon-14 to estimate how long ago an organism and used the tools
- Stratifying rock layers - Looking at each layer of sediment in which the tool was found in as rock layers take time to form
What are the 5 kingdoms?
Animals, plants, fungi, prokaryotes and protists
What is a prokayote?
All single cells organism without a nucleus
What is a eukaryote?
cells organism with a nucleus
Mnemonic for kingdoms subdived
Did King Phil Come Over For Good Soup
What is the order of the taxonomy?
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species
What are the three large groups of domains?
Archaea, bacteria and eukarya
What is the archaea domain?
Similar to bacteria but have differences in their DNA and RNA sequence.
e.g. can be found in hot springs and salt lakes
What is the bacteria domain?
This domain contains true bacteria.
e.g. Coli and staphylococcus
What is the eukarya domain?
Includes a broad range of organisms such as fungi, plants, animals and protists
Describe the process of selective breeding
- When plants or animals with desirable characteristics are bred together.
- Then breed the offspring’s together until there are several generations
e. g. animals that produce a high yield, bigger fruits and crops with disease resistance
What are the advantages of selective breeding?
- Genetic Variation = for farmers when producing the goods the animals will have a high yield
- Medical Research
What are the disadvantages of selective breeding?
- Reduces gene pool
- Lead to inbreeding which causes health problems
- No genetic variation
- Seen as unethical
What is tissue culture?
Growing cells on an artificial growth medium
How does tissue culture work?
- Choose plant with desired characteristics
- Remove small pieces of tissue from parent plant
- Transfer to plates containing growth medium with nutrients and growth hormones
Describe tissue culture in animals
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What is genetic engineering?
It involves modifying an organisms genome to introduce desirable traits.
What is a restriction enzyme?
They recognise specific sequences of DNA and cut the DNA at these points.
What is ligase enzyme?
They are used to join two pieces of DNA together at their sticky ends.
How does genetic engineering work?
- The desired gene you want is cut out with restriction enzymes
- The vector DNA is also cut open with the restriction enzyme
- They are both left with sticky ends
- Ligase joins the pieces together to make a recombinant DNA
- The new DNA are inserted into the other cells
Explain biological control methods
Use other organisms to kill the pests
