Plant Structure and Function Flashcards
Tissue systems definition
Involve roots, stems, and leaves, which are organs. Each of these organs has Dermal, vascular, and ground tissue.
Dermal tissue
Covers and protects the plant
Vascular tissue
Supports the plant, and transports water and nutrients.
Ground tissue
Produces and stores food products. Helps with the physical support of the plant.
Epidermis definition
Single layer of cells in some plants. Is dermal tissue. In other plants, may have multiple layers and be covered with bark.
Cuticle
waxy coating on the surface of the epidermis
what does dermal tissue in roots include
root hair cells
Root hair cells
Increase surface area of roots so that more water can be absorbed
What is vascular tissue made up of
xylem and phloem
Xylem
Contains vessel elements and transports water.
What happens when xylem dies. What does this allow for.
The cell walls at both ends of the vessel elements are left with slitlike openings. This allows water to move more easily.
What is left when tracheids die. What does said thing contain, and what does what said thing contains do.
Only the cell walls. The cell walls contain lignin. Lignin is water resistant and helps give wood its strength.
What do the pits of tracheids do.
Help water diffuse into the surrounding area.
Phloem
Have sieve tube elements and transport nutrients and carbohydrates.
What is phloem like at maturity.
At maturity, phloem will have lost its nuclei and most of its organelles.
How is phloem arranged and what does this form?
Phloem is arranged end to end forming sieve tubes.
What are the ends of sieve tubes like, and why?
The ends of the sieve tubes are perforated, allowing nutrient to move from cell to cell.
What are companion cells (in phloem)
At maturity they keep their nuclei and other organelles. They surround sieve tube elements and support phloem cells by helping materials move in and out of the phloem.
Parenchyma cells
Type of ground tissue. Have thin cell walls. The central vacuole is surrounded by cytoplasm.
What do parenchyma cells allow for in leaves?
Gas exchange and absorption of sunlight.
Collenchyma Cells
Type of ground tissue. Have strong, flexible cell walls that help support the plant organs.
Sclerenchyma cells
Type of ground tissue. Extremely thick, rigid cell walls.
What are Meristems (apical meristems), what occurs there
Regions of unspecified cells, mitosis occurs there.
Where are meristems found.
Places where the plant grows rapidly, like the tip of stems and roots.
What are floral meristems
They produce the plants reproductive organs and petals.
What do roots do?
Support plant, anchor plant in ground, store food, and absorb water and nutrients.
2 main root systems
Tap roots and fibrous roots
2 non main root systems
prop roots and areal roots
What types of tissues do roots have?
Dermal, vascular, and ground tissues.
What are roots surrounded by, and why.
The epidermis, for protection and absorption.
What do root hair cells create for roots
a large surface area for water and mineral absorption.
What does nutrient transport require
ATP energy
Does absorption require energy.
Absorption requires no energy
What is found in the vascular cylinder, and where is the vascular cylinder found.
xylem and phloem are found in the vascular cylinder. The vascular cylinder is found in the center of the root.
What is in the center of the vascular cylinder. What is on the outside.
xylem is in the center. Phloem is on the outside.
Endodermis
Layer of cells that surrounds the vascular cylinder.
Casparian strip
Waterproof boundary where the cell walls of the endodermis meet. Keeps water moving in one direction only; into the vascular cylinder, and therefore the root.
Cordex
Located between the endodermis and the vascular cylinder.
Root cap
Protects the root tip as it moves through the soil.
Root pressure
Helps water get from the root to the stem
Order of water moving through the plant. What happens as more water enters the plant.
Water-> root hairs->cortex->vascular system->xylem
The water is forced upward through the xylem
