Finals-Chapter 9 Flashcards
Energy
The ability to do work
Where do organisms get energy from?
Food
Autotrophs
Organisms able to synthesize their own food using raw materials in their environment.
Heterotrophs
Organisms not able to synthesize their own food using raw materials in their environment.
Where is the energy that is useful for us?
It is stored in the chemical bonds of the food we eat.
What happens when the chemical bonds of the food we eat are broken?
ATP is produced.
ATP
The energy storage molecule of the cell
What does ATP stand for?
Adenine triphosphate
What is ATP good at?
Transferring energy
What is ATP not so good at?
Storing energy
What is ATP made of
Adenine, a ribose sugar, and 3 phosphate groups.
How does ATP become ADP
It looses a phosphate.
How is energy transferred around the cell using ADP and ATP
Phosphate groups can be removed or added to these molecules as needed by the cell.
Photosynthesis
The process by which organisms use energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.
What is the photosynthesis equation
6 CO2 + 6 H2O –> C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2
Chlorophyll
The photosynthetic pigment of green plants
Where is chlorophyll found
In the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast.
What can each type of chlorophyl absorb
Each type of chlorophyll can absorb a different wavelength of light
Where do light-dependent reactions occur?
The thylakoid membrane.
What systems are involved in light dependent reactions?
Photosystems 1 and 2
What materials need to enter the chloroplast for light dependent reactions to take place?
Light and water
What is released during light dependent reactions?
Oxygen
What moves from light dependent reactions to the Calvin cycle
ATP and NADPH
Where do light independent reactions occur?
The stoma
What needs to enter the chloroplasts for light independent reactions to occur?
Carbon dioxide
What do light independent reactions produce
Sugars
What moves from the light independent reactions to the light dependent reactions?
NADP+, ADP, and P
what is NADP+
An electron acceptor molecule that transfers high-energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules
Photosystem 1
Light is absorbed by the electrons in chlorophyll or other pigments. Energy is then passed from molecule to molecule until it reaches NADP+. NADP+ is then converted into NADPH.
Photosystem II
Light is absorbed by the electrons in chlorophyll. Energy is passed from molecule to molecule until it reaches the electron transport chain. The electrons are then transferred to photosystem I.
ATP synthesis
The movement of H+ ions to the inside of the thylakoid membrane creates a difference in charge across the membrane, which provides the energy to make ATP. The H+ ions cross the membrane by passing through a protein called ATP synthase. As H+ ions pass through, the protein rotates, binding ADP and a phosphate group together to make ATP.
Why do light independent reactions take place.
The ATP and NADPH formed by the light-dependent reactions can only store their energy for a short amount of time. In the Calvin cycle, the energy stored in these molecules is used to build high energy compounds that can be stored for a long time.
What is required to produce each molecule of glucose that is made during the light-independent reactions.
6 Carbon dioxide molecules from the air.
Calvin cycle
The 6 carbon dioxide molecules combine with six 5-c molecules to produce 12 3-c molecules. These are then converted into higher-energy forms using the ATP and NADPH from the light dependent reactions. Some of these 3-c molecules are converted into 6-c sugars and the rest go back to the beginning of the cycle.
What factors affect the rate of photosynthesis
Light intensity
Temperature
Carbon dioxide concentration
What are the 2 membranes of a chloroplast
Outer and inner
stroma
The fluid within a chloroplast
Thylakoid
Discs inside the chloroplast
Granum
Stacks of thylakoid
Electron carrier molecule
transports electrons from one molecule to another
In which photosystem is ATP made
Photosystem I
Where does the calvin cycle take place?
The stroma
Where does glycolysis take place?
The cytoplasm
Prep step
pyruvic acid goes from a 3 carbon molecule to a 2 carbon molecule, and co a helps bring the 2 carbon in
Where does the Krebbs cycle take place
mitochondrial matrix
What are the 2 electron carrier molecules
NAD+ and FAD
Where does most of the ATP produced in photosynthesis come from
Most ATP is from the ET chain
Does either fermentation pathway make ATP directly
Neither fermentation pathway makes ATP directly
