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Science 9th grade > Finals-Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Finals-Chapter 9 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Energy

A

The ability to do work

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2
Q

Where do organisms get energy from?

A

Food

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3
Q

Autotrophs

A

Organisms able to synthesize their own food using raw materials in their environment.

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4
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Organisms not able to synthesize their own food using raw materials in their environment.

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5
Q

Where is the energy that is useful for us?

A

It is stored in the chemical bonds of the food we eat.

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6
Q

What happens when the chemical bonds of the food we eat are broken?

A

ATP is produced.

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7
Q

ATP

A

The energy storage molecule of the cell

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8
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenine triphosphate

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9
Q

What is ATP good at?

A

Transferring energy

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10
Q

What is ATP not so good at?

A

Storing energy

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11
Q

What is ATP made of

A

Adenine, a ribose sugar, and 3 phosphate groups.

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12
Q

How does ATP become ADP

A

It looses a phosphate.

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13
Q

How is energy transferred around the cell using ADP and ATP

A

Phosphate groups can be removed or added to these molecules as needed by the cell.

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14
Q

Photosynthesis

A

The process by which organisms use energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.

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15
Q

What is the photosynthesis equation

A

6 CO2 + 6 H2O –> C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2

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16
Q

Chlorophyll

A

The photosynthetic pigment of green plants

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17
Q

Where is chlorophyll found

A

In the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast.

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18
Q

What can each type of chlorophyl absorb

A

Each type of chlorophyll can absorb a different wavelength of light

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19
Q

Where do light-dependent reactions occur?

A

The thylakoid membrane.

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20
Q

What systems are involved in light dependent reactions?

A

Photosystems 1 and 2

21
Q

What materials need to enter the chloroplast for light dependent reactions to take place?

A

Light and water

22
Q

What is released during light dependent reactions?

A

Oxygen

23
Q

What moves from light dependent reactions to the Calvin cycle

A

ATP and NADPH

24
Q

Where do light independent reactions occur?

A

The stoma

25
Q

What needs to enter the chloroplasts for light independent reactions to occur?

A

Carbon dioxide

26
Q

What do light independent reactions produce

A

Sugars

27
Q

What moves from the light independent reactions to the light dependent reactions?

A

NADP+, ADP, and P

28
Q

what is NADP+

A

An electron acceptor molecule that transfers high-energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules

29
Q

Photosystem 1

A

Light is absorbed by the electrons in chlorophyll or other pigments. Energy is then passed from molecule to molecule until it reaches NADP+. NADP+ is then converted into NADPH.

30
Q

Photosystem II

A

Light is absorbed by the electrons in chlorophyll. Energy is passed from molecule to molecule until it reaches the electron transport chain. The electrons are then transferred to photosystem I.

31
Q

ATP synthesis

A

The movement of H+ ions to the inside of the thylakoid membrane creates a difference in charge across the membrane, which provides the energy to make ATP. The H+ ions cross the membrane by passing through a protein called ATP synthase. As H+ ions pass through, the protein rotates, binding ADP and a phosphate group together to make ATP.

32
Q

Why do light independent reactions take place.

A

The ATP and NADPH formed by the light-dependent reactions can only store their energy for a short amount of time. In the Calvin cycle, the energy stored in these molecules is used to build high energy compounds that can be stored for a long time.

33
Q

What is required to produce each molecule of glucose that is made during the light-independent reactions.

A

6 Carbon dioxide molecules from the air.

34
Q

Calvin cycle

A

The 6 carbon dioxide molecules combine with six 5-c molecules to produce 12 3-c molecules. These are then converted into higher-energy forms using the ATP and NADPH from the light dependent reactions. Some of these 3-c molecules are converted into 6-c sugars and the rest go back to the beginning of the cycle.

35
Q

What factors affect the rate of photosynthesis

A

Light intensity
Temperature
Carbon dioxide concentration

36
Q

What are the 2 membranes of a chloroplast

A

Outer and inner

37
Q

stroma

A

The fluid within a chloroplast

38
Q

Thylakoid

A

Discs inside the chloroplast

39
Q

Granum

A

Stacks of thylakoid

40
Q

Electron carrier molecule

A

transports electrons from one molecule to another

41
Q

In which photosystem is ATP made

A

Photosystem I

42
Q

Where does the calvin cycle take place?

A

The stroma

43
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

The cytoplasm

44
Q

Prep step

A

pyruvic acid goes from a 3 carbon molecule to a 2 carbon molecule, and co a helps bring the 2 carbon in

45
Q

Where does the Krebbs cycle take place

A

mitochondrial matrix

46
Q

What are the 2 electron carrier molecules

A

NAD+ and FAD

47
Q

Where does most of the ATP produced in photosynthesis come from

A

Most ATP is from the ET chain

48
Q

Does either fermentation pathway make ATP directly

A

Neither fermentation pathway makes ATP directly

Science 9th grade (10 decks)

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