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Science 9th grade > Final-12,13,14 > Flashcards

Final-12,13,14 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 3 phases of interphase in order?

A

G1 phase, S phase and G2 phase.

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2
Q

G1 phase

A

The cell grows

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3
Q

S phase

A

DNA is synthesized

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3
Q

G2 Phase

A

organelles are doubled and proteins are made

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4
Q

Mitosis

A

When the contents of the nucleus divide

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5
Q

Prophase during mitosis

A

Nuclear envelope disintegrates. Centrioles migrate to opposite sides. Asters form.

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6
Q

Metaphase during mitosis

A

chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell, in a random order.

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7
Q

Anaphase during mitosis

A

Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite sides of the cell

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8
Q

Telophase/cytokinesis during mitosis

A

The nuclear envelope starts to reform, the membrane pinches in and the cytoplasm divides.

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9
Q

What are the stages of mitosis in order

A

Prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
cytokinesis

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10
Q

What does meiosis produce

A

Sex cells, or gametes

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11
Q

How many rounds of division are there in meiosis

A

2

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12
Q

What happens during meiosis in regard to the number of cells produced

A

One diploid parent cell will produce 4 haploid daughter cells, each genetically different from one another

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13
Q

What type of division is meiosis

A

A type of reduction division

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14
Q

Prophase 1 during meiosis 1

A

homologous chromosomes synapse. Genetic information is exchanged.

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15
Q

Metaphase I during meiosis 1

A

homologous pairs line up in the middle of the cell

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16
Q

Anaphase I during meiosis 1

A

homologous pairs of chromosomes separate

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17
Q

Telophase I/Cytokinesis during meiosis 1

A

nuclear envelope reforms and cytokenesis causes the cell to pinch off

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18
Q

Homologous chromosome

A

chromosomes which are the same size, have the same centromere location, and carry the same genetic information. Each chromosome from the male has a corresponding chromosome from the female.

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19
Q

What does chromosomes being homologous allow for

A

This allows for the exchange of genetic information whenever the 2 chromosomes touch

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20
Q

What happens by the end of telophase 1in meiosis 1

A

By the end of Telophase I the 2 daughter cells are haploid

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21
Q

After meiosis 1, why is meiosis 2 needed?

A

We just separated homologous chromosome pairs, but now we need to separate each arm of the chromosome, so that it has half the amount of genetic info.

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22
Q

Prophase II in meiosis II

A

nuclear envelope breaks down, spindle fibers form, centrioles migrate to opposite sides.

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23
Q

Metaphase II in meiosis II

A

Homologous chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

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24
Q

Anaphase II in meiosis II

A

sister chromatids separate

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25
Q

Telophase II/cytokinesis in meiosis II

A

nuclear envelope reforms and cell breaks apart

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26
Q

Are the 4 daughter cells after meiosis the same?

A

All are genetically different

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27
Q

Chromatid

A

the arm of a replicated chromosome. Each arm of a replicated chromosome is a chromatid.

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28
Q

What happens to chromatids when they separate

A

When they separate, they are no longer chromatids, and are now chromosomes.

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29
Q

Kinetochore fibers

A

extend from the pole of the cell to the kinetochore region of the chromosome

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30
Q

Polar fibers

A

extend from the pole of the cell to the midline of the cell

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31
Q

What are the 2 types of spindle fibers

A

Polar fibers, kinetichore fibers

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32
Q

Tetrad

A

pair of homologous chromosomes synapsed

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33
Q

Synapsed

A

Paired together

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34
Q

What is the difference between plant and animal cells

A

Animal cell: has centrioles and asters, CM pinches in during telophase
Plant cell: no centrioles or asters, cell plate forms between two new nuclear areas during telophase

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35
Q

Uppercase letter

A

Dominant

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36
Q

Lowercase letters

A

Recessive

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37
Q

2 capitol letters

A

homozygous dominant

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38
Q

One capitol and one lowercase letter

A

heterozygous

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39
Q

Two lowercase letters

A

homozygus recessive

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40
Q

Self pollination

A

take pollen from male flower and dust it on to the female part of a flower of the same plant

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41
Q

Cross pollination

A

take the pollen from the male flower of one plant and dust in on to a female part of a flower on a different plant

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42
Q

Parental generation

A

P1

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43
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

a cross between one pair of contrasting alleles (pundit square has 4 offspring)

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44
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

a cross between 2 pairs of contrasting alleles (pundit square has 16 offspring)

45
Q

Contrasting alleles

A

two different possibilities

46
Q

Genotype

A

the actual genes after two alleles are crossed

47
Q

Phenotype

A

how something looks after two alleles are crossed

48
Q

Haploid

A

Cells with a single set of chromosomes

49
Q

Diploid

A

a cell with two sets of homologous chromosomes

50
Q

How do meiosis and mitosis differ in regards to types of reproduction

A

Mitosis can be a form of asexual reproduction, whereas meiosis is an early step in sexual reproduction

51
Q

How do meiosis and mitosis differ in regards to the actual processes

A

They also differ in the way chromosomes move and the number of cell divisions

52
Q

How do meiosis and mitosis differ in regards to the chromosomes in the daughter cell

A

In mitosis each daughter cell receives a complete diploid set of chromosomes. In meiosis, homologous chromosomes are separated, and each daughter cell receives only a haploid set of chromosomes.

53
Q

How do meiosis and mitosis differ in regards to the number of daughter cells, and their genetic similarity.

A

Mitosis results in the production of two genetically identical diploid cells, whearas meiosis produces four genetically different haploid cells.

54
Q

Synapsis

A

the pairing of two chromosomes that occurs during meiosis

55
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

when a dominant allele doesn’t completely mask the effects of a recessive allele, so the organism shows a blending of both alleles

55
Q

multiple alleles

A

more than 2 alleles in the population for that trait

56
Q

Codominance

A

two alleles are expressed equally and produce traits of both

57
Q

Polygenic traits

A

more than one gene contributes to the phenotype

58
Q

Chromatin

A

genetic material of a cell that does not divide

59
Q

Centromere

A

the region on a chromosome to where sister chromatids attach

60
Q

Sister chromatid

A

one arm of a replicated chromosome

61
Q

Kinetochore region

A

an area on a centromere to which a kinetochore fiber will attach

62
Q

Principle of independent assortment

A

genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes

63
Q

What structures are found in the nucleus?

A

Chromosomes

64
Q

What are located on chromosomes

A

Genes

65
Q

What are chromosomes composed of

A

DNA wound around proteins

66
Q

How do genes and chromosomes control the activity of the cell.

A

By producing proteins that regulate cellular functions or become part of the cell structure.

67
Q

Why are DNA strands said to be complimentary?

A

Because each strand can be used to make the other strand.

68
Q

Base pairing

A

The way each strand of the DNA double helix has all the information needed to reconstruct the other half.

69
Q

How does DNA separate to prepare for DNA replication?

A

DNA molecule unwinds and separates into 2 strands. DNA helicase unwinds the DNA. DNA polymerase unzips the DNA.

70
Q

How does DNA replicate?

A

Templates are made. DNA polymerase molecules move along the Templates, attaching complimentary base pairs and forming the sugar phosphate backbone.

71
Q

What is each new DNA molecule composed of.

A

One new strand and one old strand.

72
Q

How does DNA polymerase catch errors in DNA replication?

A

It proofreads the new strands as they are being created to catch errors.

73
Q

What are genes

A

Coded DNA instructions that control the productions of protein within the cell.

74
Q

Translation

A

How DNA makes RNA

75
Q

mRNA

A

Carries the information from the DNA as to which proteins should be made.

76
Q

tRNA

A

Carries amino acids

77
Q

rRNA (ribosomal)

A

Site of protein synthesis.

78
Q

Transcription

A

Separates the 2 strands of DNA and then uses one of the separated strands as a template to make RNA.

79
Q

What does transcription require?

A

The enzyme RNA polymerase.

80
Q

Translation

A

How RNA makes protein.

81
Q

What are the 2 steps of translation

A

initiation and elongation.

82
Q

Mutation

A

Any change in the DNA of a cell

83
Q

Point mutation

A

Involves one nucleotide

84
Q

Substitution

A

A mutation where one base is substituted for another.

85
Q

Insertion

A

A type of point mutation where an additional base is added.

86
Q

Deletion

A

A type of mutation where a base is removed

87
Q

What might chromosomal mutations involve

A

changes in the number of chromsomes
Changes in the structure of chromosomes
Changes in the location of genes on chromosomes
Changes in the number of copies of some genes

88
Q

Duplication

A

A segment of the chromosome is repeated

89
Q

Inversion

A

when a part of the chromosome becomes oriented in the reverse of its usual direction

90
Q

Translocation

A

When part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome.

91
Q

Endocytosis

A

taking material into the cell by having it be packaged into a vesicle

92
Q

Exocytosis

A

Moving material out of the cell by having it be packaged into a vesicle

93
Q

What makes extra cells produced not cancerous

A

If extra cells produced behave like the other cells in their area, they aren’t cancerous

94
Q

What makes extra cells produced cancerous

A

If they do not behave like the other cells in their area

95
Q

Chiasmata

A

where 2 homologous chromosomes touch each other

96
Q

What holds bases together in a DNA molecule

A

Hydrogen bonds

97
Q

Transcription

A

When DNA makes RNA

98
Q

translation

A

When RNA makes protein

99
Q

Codon

A

3 nitrogen bases on an mRNA molecule

100
Q

What is the start codon

A

AUG

101
Q

What are the 3 stop codons

A

UAG, UGA, UAA

102
Q

What does a match DNA

A

A matches T

103
Q

what does g match DNA

A

G matches C

104
Q

What DNA letters matches each other

A

A matches T and G matches C

105
Q

RNA

A

a single stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose

106
Q

What does RNA have that DNA doesn’t

A

RNA has uracil in place of thymine (U replaces T)

107
Q

What matches with a in RNA

A

A matches with U

108
Q

What RNA letters match each other

A

A matches U and G matches C

Science 9th grade (10 decks)

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