Finals-Chapter 2 Flashcards
Mass
amount of matter in an object
Weight
measure of the force of gravity acting upon an object
What is the difference between mass and weight
Mass always stays the same, weight can change depending on the force of gravity
Matter
must take up space and have mass
Element
a pure substance that consists of only one atom. Simplest kind of matter that can exist under ordinary laboratory conditions.
Isotopes
atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons
Compounds
two or more different elements chemically combined in a definite ratio by mass
Properties of elements that make up a compound VS the compound itself
The properties of the elements which make up a compound differ from the properties of the compound itself
Chemical formula
a shorthand way of representing the events of a chemical reaction
Chemical bonds
hold the atoms of a compound together
Ionic bonds
involve the transfer of electrons between atoms
Covalent bonds
involve sharing of electrons between atoms
Van der Waals forces
weak forces of attraction that can hold molecules together
Intermolecular forces of attraction
the forces that bind atoms within a molecule
Molecule and what holds it together
a group of atoms held together by a covalent bond
Chemical reaction
the process that changes, or transforms one set of compounds into another.
Water
a polar molecule, and the most abundant substance on earth. Found in all living things.
polar molecule
has regions of positive and negative charge
Cohesion
attraction between molecules of the same substance
What does cohesion cause in water
Causes water to have surface tension and resist tears
Adhesion
attraction between molecules of different substances
What does adhesion contribute to
It contributes to capillary action
Capilary action
the ability of liquid to travel up narrow tubes against gravity due to surface tension
Mixtures
material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together, but not chemically combined
Solution
a homogeneous mixture where all parts are distributed evenly.
Solvent
does the dissolving
Solute
part that gets dissolved
Suspensions
mixtures of water and nondisolved materials
Acidic
has a value less than 7 on the PH scale
Basic
has a value greater than 7 on the PH scale
Buffers
weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sudden changes in PH level
Pure water
is neutral, and is not a solution because nothing is dissolved in it
Carbon
can bond with up to 4 other atoms, and can form many different structures. Is the basis for all biologically important molecules.
Hydrolysis
when water breaks a chemical bond
Dehydration synthesis
when a molecule of water is lost so that other substances can be combined
Atom
basic unit of matter
Electron
negatively charged particle, much smaller than a proton
Carbohydrates
made of C, H and O. Used as energy storage molecules and structural molecules.
Monomer
A molecule that can react with other monomers to form polymers
Polymer
a large chain formed by bonding together many monomers
Cellulose
a polysaccharide that makes up the CWs of plants
Lipids
Are used as energy storage molecules, and for cell membranes.
What are some examples of lipids
Fats, oils, waxes, and steroids
Saturated
full of hydrogen
Unsaturated
one or more double bonds, so they are not fully hydrogen
what are Nucleic acids made of
Made of a phosphate group, a 5 carbon sugar, and a nitrogen base
What Nucleic acids are found in DNA
adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine
What Nucleic acids are found in RNA
adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil
Compare DNA and RNA
DNA’s 5-C sugar is deoxyribose. RNA’s is ribose
DNA is double stranded. RNA is single stranded.
DNA had T, RNA has U
Proteins
What do they act as?
What do they Give?
What do they Store?
what are they Part of?
Act as enzymes, give structural support, store nutrients, and are part of cell membranes and hormones
What is the monomer of proteins
Monomer is an amino acid
How many different types of amino acids are there
There are 20 different types of amino acids
Functional group
makes each amino acid different
Primary level
corresponds to the order of the amino acids in the protein chain
Secondary level
corresponds to the twisting or folding of amino acids in the chain at repeated intervals
Endothermic reactions
absorb energy from the environment in order to occur
Quaretary level
corresponds to the interactions of up to four separate protein chains to make a functional protein
Teritary level
corresponds to the folding of the protein chain itself
Exothermic reactions
release energy to the environment as they occur
Activation energy
the minimum amount of energy needed for a chemical reaction to begin
Enzymes
lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction
Protein catalysts
substances that speed up the rate of a chemical reaction
Enzymes are _______ catalysts
Enzymes are protein catalysts
What are protein catalysts specific to
They are specific for the regions that they catalyze
