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Science 9th grade > Mr. Mateki first test > Flashcards

Mr. Mateki first test Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is different about the organelles of prokaryotes?

A

They have no mitochondria, no nucleus, and small ribosomes.

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2
Q

What is different about the DNA of prokaryotes.

A

Their DNA does not have chromosomes, it is circular.

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3
Q

What is the major difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms, while Eukaryotes are multicellular.

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4
Q

Heterotroph

A

types of organisms that obtain energy from the food they consume.

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5
Q

Autogtrouph

A

organisms that are able to produce their own food

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6
Q

Rough ER

A

internal membrane system where proteins are synthesized.

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7
Q

Smooth ER

A

internal membrane system where lipids are synthesized, drugs are detoxified, and carbohydrates are synthesized.

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8
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

modifies, sorts, and packages proteins.

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9
Q

Nucleus

A

Where DNA is stored.

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10
Q

Cell membrane

A

outermost boundary of most cells. Regulates passage of materials into and out of the cell.

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11
Q

Nucleolus

A

where the assembly of ribosomes begins

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12
Q

Vacuoles

A

store materials like water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates.

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13
Q

Mitochondria

A

convert the chemical energy stored in food molecules into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use.

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14
Q

Cytoplasm

A

jelly-like fluid outside of nucleus but inside the CM. Organelles are found here.

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15
Q

Chloroplast

A

capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy stored in food during photosynthesis. Only in plant cells

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16
Q

What are the 7 conditions for life

A
  1. Energy
    1. Water
    2. Organic (carbon)
    3. DNA
    4. Reproduction
    5. Growth
      1. Death
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17
Q

Cation

A

is positive

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18
Q

anion

A

is negative

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19
Q

Solvent

A

the thing that does the dissolving

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20
Q

Solute

A

the thing that gets dissolved

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21
Q

What has to happen for salt to get dissolved in water?

A

For salt to dissolve in water it has to ionize

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22
Q

Dissolve

A

when the solute mixes with the solvent to get a solution

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23
Q

Diffusion

A

when molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

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24
Q

Osmosis

A

the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

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25
Q

Ionic bond

A

when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

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26
Q

Covalent bond

A

formed when moving electrons travel around the nuclei of 2 atoms. They are sharing the electrons.

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27
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

a form of weak interaction that form between a hydrogen atom of one molecule and an oxygen or nitrogen atom of another molecule.

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28
Q

List the bonds from strongest to weakest

A

An ionic bond is stronger than a covelent bond which is stronger than a hydrogen bond.

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29
Q

Acid

A

proton donor

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30
Q

Base

A

proton acceptor, can donate OH

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31
Q

Reduction

A

when something is gained (mass, energy, ect)

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32
Q

Oxidation

A

when something is lost, because an object was broken apart.

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33
Q

List all the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis in order

A
  1. Photosystem II P680
    1. Electron transport system
    2. Photosystem I P700
      1. ATP synthase
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34
Q

What is the light independent reaction of photosynthesis

A

Kalvin cycle

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35
Q

Which P is photosystem one

A

P700

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36
Q

Glucose

A

energy source for all metabolic processes. Eventually turns into ATP, which is used by our bodies.

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37
Q

ATP (adenine triphosphate)

A

made of Adenine, Ribose, and 3 phosphate groups.

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38
Q

Explain how ATP goes to ADP and back

A

ATP is a fully charged battery. When ATP puts energy out (loosing one phosphate), it turns into ADP. ADP gains energy by taking in a phosphate, becoming ATP.

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39
Q

What substances go into and come out of photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide and water go into photosynthesis, and glucose and oxygen come out of photosynthesis.

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40
Q

What happens during light dependent reactions

A

They use energy from sunlight to convert ADP and NADP+ into ATP and NADPH. Oxygen is produced as a byproduct.

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41
Q

What happens during light independent reactions (words)

A

They use chemical energy produced during light-dependent reactions to synthesize stable, high-energy sugars.

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42
Q

Where does photosystem II take place

A

thylakoid membrane

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43
Q

During photosystem II, how are electrons energized, and where do they go after being energized?

A

Light is captured to energize electrons. These electrons are passed into the electron transport chain.

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44
Q

What are energized electrons replaced by during photosystem II

A

Energized electrons are replaced by water molecules.

45
Q

Where is the electron trasport system

A

thylakoid membrane

46
Q

What happens in the electron transport system.

A

Energy from the electrons is used by the proteins in the chain to pump more H+ ions from the stoma into the thylakoid sac.

47
Q

What does photosystem II produce

A

It provides a steady stream of electrons to photosystem 1 and oxygen as a byproduct

48
Q

What does the electron transport system transport

A

electrons that are used to make ATP

49
Q

Where does photosystem I take place?

A

The thylakoid membrane

50
Q

What happens in photosystem I

A

Light energy is used to reenergize electrons and pass them to the electron carrier NADP+. NADP+ in the stroma picks up the high energy electrons and H+ ions to become NADPH

51
Q

What does photosystem I produce?

A

NADPH

52
Q

Where does ATP synthase happen

A

The Thylakoid membrane

53
Q

How does ATP synthase happen

A

Powered by H+ concentration difference, H+ ions pass though ATP synthase and force it to rotate. As it rotates, ATP synthase binds ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP.

54
Q

What does ATP synthase produce

A

ATP

55
Q

What type of reaction is the Calvin cycle

A

A light independent reaction

56
Q

Where does the Calvin cycle happen

A

the mitochondrial matrix

57
Q

What is fixation in the Calvin cycle

A

A reaction between carbon dioxide and RuBP which forms a 6 carbon compound that is converted into 2 three carbon compounds.

58
Q

What happens in the Calvin cycle

A

Uses 6 molecules of carbon dioxide to produce a 6 carbon sugar molecule. The energy to do this is supplied by what is produced in the light-dependent reactions.

59
Q

What does the Calvin cycle produce

A

Glucose

60
Q

Chloroplast

A

organelle where photosynthesis takes place

61
Q

Stoma

A

material inside a chloroplast where thylakoid membranes are embedded and where dark reactions of photosynthesis occur

62
Q

Thylakoid membrane

A

saclike membranes where electron transport systems/chains are

63
Q

Grana

A

stacks of thylakoid membranes

64
Q

Photosynthesis equation in words

A

Plants take in water and carbon dioxide. Then they get hit by sunlight and make glucose and oxygen.

65
Q

Cellular respiration equation in words

A

We take in glucose and oxygen. Then we release energy, and output carbon dioxide and water.

66
Q

How many molecules of oxygen are needed for a molecule of glucose during cellular respiration?

A

For one molecule of glucose we need 6 molecules of oxygen.

67
Q

What do Langerhans cells do?

A

Release insulin

68
Q

Why is insulin released

A

Insulin is released to counteract excessive glucose

69
Q

What does insulin do?

A

It allows glucose to enter cells

70
Q

Cellular respiration definition

A

the process of energy conversion that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen.

71
Q

Where does Glycolysis take place

A

cytosol, which is in the cytoplasm

72
Q

Where does Pyruvate oxidation take place

A

The mitochondrial matrix

73
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle take place

A

The mitochondrial matrix

74
Q

Where is the Electron transport system

A

inner membrane

75
Q

What are the stages of cellular respiration?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Pyruvate oxidation
  3. Krebs cycle
  4. Electron transport
76
Q

What is the only stage of cellular respiration where carbon isn’t released

A

In cellular respiration, glycolysis is the only place where carbon isn’t released

77
Q

What happens in glycolysis

A
  1. Investment: 2 ATPs are lost
  2. Payoff: 4 ATPs and 2 NADPHs are gained
78
Q

What is produced during Glycolysis

A

2 ATPs, 2 NADPHs and 2 pyruvates

79
Q

Pyruvate definition

A

the product of glycolysis that will be used in the Krebs cycle. Has 3 carbons and a lot of energy.

80
Q

Fermentation during glycolysis

A

if oxygen is not present, fermentation keeps glycolysis running by supplying NAD+.

81
Q

What does pyruvate oxidation produce

A

2 NADHs and 2 carbon dioxides

82
Q

What is the first stage in cellular respiration that carbon dioxide is produced

A

Pyruvate oxidation

83
Q

What is another name for the Krebs cycle

A

the citric acid cycle

84
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle take place?

A

The Mitochondria

85
Q

How is citric acid made in the Krebs cycle and what goes back to the beginning of the cycle?

A

Take 2 carbons, combined with 2 more carbons, then we make citric acid. Citric acid has 6 carbons, 2 are removed, and this leaves a 4 carbon molecule that goes back into the beginning of the cycle

86
Q

What is produced with each turn of the Krebbs cycle?

A

For each turn of the cycle, a molecule of ADP is converted to a molecule of ATP.

87
Q

How is NADH and FADH2 made in the Krebbs cycle?

A

At 5 places in each cycle, electron carriers accept a pair of high-energy electrons and a hydrogen atom, which leads to the making of NADH and FADH2.

88
Q

What does the Krebbs cycle produce?

A

Produces 2 molecules of CO2, 3 NADH, ATP and 1 FADH2

89
Q

Where is the electron transport chain

A

Mitochondria

90
Q

What happens in the electron transport chain

A

the electron transport chain uses the high-energy electrons from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to synthesize ATP from ADP

91
Q

What does the electron transport chain produce

A

ATP

92
Q

Why is glucose converted to ATP

A

Less energy is wasted when using ATP then using Glucose

93
Q

What is ATP made of

A

3 phosphate groups, 2 adenine, 1 ribose

94
Q

How do the opposite processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration relate to each other

A

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are opposite processes. Plants do photosynthesis and then put out oxygen, which animals need, animals do cellular respiration, then put out carbon dioxide, which plants need.

95
Q

How many molecules of ATP are produced from one molecule of glucose

A

From one molecule of glucose 36 ATP are produced

96
Q

Alcoholic fermentation

A

carried out by yeast, producing ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide

97
Q

Lactic acid fermentation

A

Organisms besides yeast carry out fermentation using a chemical reaction that converts pyruvic acid to lactic acid

98
Q

What do the light reactions of photosynthesis supply the Calvin cycle with?

A

ATP and NADPH

99
Q

In what sequence do electrons flow during photosynthesis?

A

Water, NADPH, Calvin cycle

100
Q

What 3 basic things occur during the Calvin cycle

A
  1. Carbon fixation
  2. oxidation of NADPH
  3. Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor
101
Q

What does not occur during the Calvin cycle

A

The release of oxygen

102
Q

What is the substance inside of the Thylakoid called

A

The thylakoid lumen

103
Q

What are the 2 main stages of photosynthesis?

A

Light dependent reactions and light independent reactions.

104
Q

What molecules enter the light dependent reaction?

A

H2O and Electrons

105
Q

What molecules enter the light independent reaction?

A

CO2

106
Q

What molecules are produced in the light independent reaction?

A

ADP and NADP+

107
Q

What molecules are produced in the light dependent reactions?

A

ATP and NADPH

108
Q

An overview of the process of photosynthesis.

A

Water and light enter the light-dependent reactions. ATP and NADPH are produced. Oxygen is released as a byproduct. Carbon dioxide enters the light-independent reactions. ADP and NADPH are produced. Glucose is released as a byproduct.

Science 9th grade (10 decks)

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