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Bio 131 > Plant Response to Signals > Flashcards

Plant Response to Signals Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Hormones are ___________ substances, that are made in one part of _________ and take effect in ___________, and are effective in __________ concentrations.

A

chemical

body

another part

small, minute

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2
Q

In Reception, hormones are __________ by receptors in the cell membrane.

A

detected

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3
Q

This signal is moved to the nucleus or mechanism in __________.

A

cytoplasm

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4
Q

In an induced response, the signal turns on or __________ in the cell.

A

off

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5
Q

In a ___________ response, the signal directly activates a mechanism, without the need of activation genes.

A

constitutive

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6
Q

Tropisms are a __________ response changing the __________ of growth in response to a particular ___________.

A

constitutive

direction

stimulus

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7
Q

In gravitropism, plant roots grow __________, and stems grow ___________.

A

down

up

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8
Q

Tendrils on pea plant leaves curl around objects in ________-tropism.

A

thigomo-

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9
Q

The tendrils are responding to a “sense” of _____________.

A

touch

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10
Q

In Phototropism, plants “bend” by growing ___________ the light source.

A

toward

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11
Q

Phototropism is mediated by the hormone ___________.

A

auxin

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12
Q

This hormone is in higher concentrations on the __________ side of the coleoptile (stem).

A

shaded

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13
Q

Phototropism:

The hormones have _____________ movement inside the stem.

A

basipetal

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14
Q

Phototropism:

The hormone is sensitive to _________ (color) light, using _________ receptors.

A

blue

phototropin

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15
Q

Once inside the cell, the hormone activates __________ pumps which make the cell wall more ___________.

A

proton

acidic

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16
Q

The lowering pH of the cell wall activates the enzyme _________ which clips smaller cross connections between the __________ microfibrils.

A

expansins

cellulose

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17
Q

The lower pH also cause water uptake increasing the __________ pressure on the loosened cell wall.

A

turgor

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18
Q

In response, the thin primary cell wall ___________ enlarging the cell.

A

elongates

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19
Q

The hormone moves ____________ (direction) in the stem.

A

down

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20
Q

In its protonated from in the cell wall it is easy for the hormone to move __________ of the cell.

A

through

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21
Q

The hormone can only exit a cell by ___________ proteins located at the _________ of the cell.

A

auxin carrier

bottom

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22
Q

There is a lot/little lateral movement of the hormone in the stem.

A

little

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23
Q

In apical dominance, the ___________ buds are inhibited from growing by the _________ meristem.

A

axillary

apical

24
Q

The inhibiting hormones are ___________ produced in the ___________.

A

auxin

meristem

25
Q

A growth promoting hormone __________ is produced in the __________.

A

cytokinin

root

26
Q

“Pinching back”, removing the shoot tips, makes the plant grow ____________.

A

bushier

27
Q

Pruning a rose bush or fruit tree results in more ___________ in the spring.

A

growth/flowers

28
Q

After pruning, there is a change to the hormone ratio, with a relative decrease in __________(hormone) and an increase in __________(hormone).

A

auxin

cytokinin

29
Q

In our annual grasses, the seed coat has ___________(hormone) which inhibits/promotes germination.

A

ABA

inhibits

30
Q

These seeds germinate after the inhibitor hormone is removed by ____________.

A

rain

31
Q

Germination is promoted by the hormone ___________ coming from the ____________.

A

gibberillin

embryo

32
Q

In some plants like peas, dwarfism can occur when a mutation disrupts the production ____________(hormone).

A

gibberillin

33
Q

In biennial plants the first seasons of growth have very short stems due to a low/high level of _________hormone.
In the second season the plants “bolt” by producing a low/high level and the stem grows very tall and flowers.

A

low

GA

high

34
Q

Fruit ripening in some plants like apples, is triggered by ____________(hormone) which moves as a ___________.

A

ethylene

gas

35
Q

In ripening, organic acids are converted into __________ and the middle lamella(pectin layer) _________ making the fruit soft.

A

sugar

breaks down

36
Q

One fruit ripening causes other fruit to ___________ and produce more __________.

A

ripen

ethylene

37
Q

The ethylene production is an example of a ___________ feedback.

A

positive

38
Q

The triple response is caused by a seedling encountering ____________ in the soil.

A

obstacle

39
Q

This causes the seedling to produce ____________(hormone)

A

ethylene

40
Q

This in turn triggers 3 growth changes:

A

i. slow elongation
ii. thicken
iii. grow sideways

41
Q

Plants use ___________ receptors in their membranes to determine the season of year.

A

phototropins

42
Q

These receptors are sensitive to __________ light in nature.

A

blue and red

43
Q

In lab, the receptor can be reversed by exposing them to ___________ light.

A

far red

44
Q

At the end of a day, all the phytochrome will be in the __________ form.

A

Pfr

45
Q

Slowly in darkness, the phytochrome reverts to the ___________ form.

A

Pr

46
Q

A summer blooming plant will flower if the _________ time is longer/shorter than a critical length.

A

night

shorter

47
Q

A winter blooming plant will flower if the __________ time is longer/shorter than a critical length.

A

night

longer

48
Q

In _____________ phytochrome senses light and triggers the potato stem to green up and make leaves.

A

de-etiolation

49
Q

Lettuce seeds will ____________ if phytochrome detects sufficient light levels.

A

sprout leaves

50
Q

Poison oak will grow as a shrub in full sun or a vine in the shade.
The plant detects the quality of light (sun or shade) by using ___________ receptors.

A

phototropin

51
Q

These are induced/constitutive responses.

A

induced

52
Q

If a fungal pathogen infects a leaf, the plant initiates the __________ in the leaf which causes a local necrotic zone which may ___________ the pathogen.

A

enzyme

attack

53
Q

This infected zone secretes ______________ which moves to the rest of the plant initiating the ________________.

A

methylsalicylic acid

hypersensitive response

54
Q

An example of a plant molecular level/chemical defense:

A

opium poppy fruit

55
Q

An example of a plant organ level/mechanical defense

A

egg mimicry

56
Q

A parasitoid is a parasite that infects ______________.

A

a parasite on another organism

57
Q

In masting, a plant population ________________

A

massive blooms after several years of growth with no seeds

Bio 131 (15 decks)

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