plant reproduction Flashcards
asexual reproduction
a process resulting in the production of genetically identical offspring from one parent
sexual reproduction
a process involving the fusion of a nuclei of 2 gametes to form a zygote and the production of offspring that are genetically different from each other.
gamete
a sex cell, with half the chromosomes (23) whose fuses with nucleus of another gamete during sexual reproduction
are made when cells in reproductive organs divide
fertilisation
the fusion of the nulcei of two gametes
zygote
a cell that is formed by the fusion of 2 gametes. has a full number of chromosomes (46)
female gametes in plants
a nulceus inside an ovule
male gametes in plants
inside pollen grains
diploid
having two complete sets of chromosomes
zygotes
haploid
having only a single set of chromosomes
gametes
mitosis
division of a cell nucleus resulting in two genetically identical nuclei.
asexual reproduction
meiosis
division of diploid nucleus resulting in four genetically different haploid nuclei; this is sometimes called a reduction division
gametes are made this way
sexual reproduction
what is the function of a flower
to make gametes and to ensure that fertilisation takes place.
sepals
leaf-like structures that form a ring outside the petals of a flower
protect the flower when it is a bulb
petals
coloured structures that attract insects or birds to a flower
have guidelines which guide the insect to the nectary.
stamens
the male parts of the flower
filament
the stalk of the stamen
anther
the structure at the top of a stamen, inside which pollen grains are made
pollen grains
small structures which contain the male gametes of a flower.
where are the female parte in a plant/flower located
in the center
carpel
the female part of a flower
ovary
the part of the flower that holds the ovule
ovules
small structures that contain the female gametes
style
the part of a carpel that connects the stigma to the ovary
stigma
the part of the flower that recieves the pollen
pollen
looks like fine powder
often yellow
pollen grains from different flowers can have different shapes (spiky, smooth)
surrounded by a hard coat, protects male gamete
pollination
the transfer of pollen grains from the male part of the plant to the female part
carried out by insects of wind
insect pollinated flower
large, conspicuous petals often with guide-lines
strongly scented
have nectaries at the base of petals
anthers inside flower, where insect has to brush past them to reach
stigma inside flower, where insect has to brush past it to the nectar
sticky of spiky pollen grains, which stick to insects
quite large quantities of pollen made, because some will be eaten or delivered to the wrong flower
wind pollinated flower
small, inconspicuous petals, or no petals at all
no scent
no nectaries
anthers dangle outside the flower, where they can catch the wind
stigmas large and feathery and dangle outside, where pollen could land on it
smooth, light pollen which can be blown by the wind
very large quantities, because most will be lost
self pollitination
the transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of the same flower or a different flower on the same plant
sexual reproduction
produces less genetic variation
cross pollination
the transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of a flower on a different plant but same species
sexual reproduction
seed
the structure that develops from an ovule after fertilisation it contain an embryo plant
dormant
inactive with metabolic reactions taking place very slowly or not at all
can survive harsh environments
this is useful because there is no water available for it to grow
advantages of asexual reproduction
if a plant is well adapted to their environment and can survive there then then their offspring will too
does not need to wait to be pollinated or wait for a mate
if farmers want the exact same flower over and over again then this reproduction is the best
advantages of sexual reproduction
the seeds spread out from the parent plant, this means that the plants won’t be competing for space and they can colonize new spaces
if a new disease comes then the offspring might be able to survive since it is not genetically the same meaning that not all plants will die.
if the farmer wants to produce.a different colour of the same plant then sexual reproduction is used