diseases and imunity

Question 1

pathogen

Answer 1

a microorganisms that causes diseases

Question 2

host

Answer 2

organism that the pathogen lives and reproduces within

Question 3

infection

Answer 3

the entry of a pathogen in the body

Question 4

transmission

Answer 4

movement of a pathogen from one host to another

Question 5

transmissible disease

Answer 5

disease caused by pathogens that can be passed from one host to another

Question 6

once inside our body, pathogens damage our cells by:

Answer 6

using up our rescources
producing waste products called toxins which cause simptons
som toxins are highly toxic

Question 7

direct contract

Answer 7

direct contact from an infected person to another

Question 8

indirect transmission

Answer 8

breathing in droplets containing pathogens
thouching a surface that someone with the pathogen has touched
eating food that contains pathogens
contact w/ animals carrying pathogens

Question 9

body defenses against pathogens

Answer 9

skin- prevents pathogens from entering the body. if skin is broken = blood clot
HCL in stomach- kills bacteria in our food
hairs in nose- filter out particles from the air, which could have pathogens
mucus- in airways traps bacteria. then swallowed instead of to the lungs
smell + taste- if it smells or taste bad then we don’t want to eat it

then white blood cells

Question 10

clean water

Answer 10

basic human need
before coming to our houses its filtered
dirty water contains pathogens

Question 11

food hygiene

Answer 11

most food poisoning is caused by bacteria
keed animals away
keep food at low or high temps
keep raw meat away

Question 12

personal hygiene

Answer 12

skin makes oil to keep is supple and waterproof
if this builds up it can callect dirt and microbes
sweat dirt are breeding grounds for bacteria

Question 13

waste disposal

Answer 13

humans produce alot of waste
collecting waste to avoid pollution
landfill sites
some trash is rotted by decomposers
bacteria produce methan gas which is higly flammable
should be let our through pies or used for feul
filled sites are covered with soil and grass

Question 14

sewage

Answer 14

liquid waste
mostly water
raw sewage must be treated before going into rivers or seas

Question 15

cholera

Answer 15

spread through water/ food that has been contaminated by faeces of infected people
lives and spreads in the small intestine

Question 16

how cholera spreads in the small intestine

Answer 16

cholera ingested
attack walls of alimentary canal
release toxin
toxin causes Cl- ions to be released
this causes water to move into the lumen by osmosis
now alot of water in canal
blood contain too little Cl- and H2O
could die from dehydration and loss of Cl

Question 17

antibodies

Answer 17

molecules secreted by white blood cells, which bind to pathogens and destroy them
proteins that have a complimentary shape to the antigens

Question 18

antigen

Answer 18

a chemical that is recognized by the body as being foreign and stimulates production of antibodies
usually on outside of pathogen

Question 19

immune response

Answer 19

the reaction of the body to the presence of a pathogen

Question 20

when a pathogens enters the body…

Answer 20

it is detected by the lymphocyte that then divides into and produces antibodies

Question 21

memory cells

Answer 21

long-lived cells produced by the division of lymphocytes that have contacted an antigen. they respond quickly to future contact with that antigen. and the imune response, memory cells stay in the blood for a long time

Question 22

vaccination

Answer 22

a harmless preperation of dead pathogens that is injected into the bodyto start the immune repsonse

Question 23

vaccines can be made using

Answer 23

dead cells from the disease
pieces of cells from the disease
cells from a similar disease

Question 24

first dose of a vaccination

Answer 24

partial protection = stimulates production of some memory cells

Question 25

second dose

Answer 25

“booster” = stimulates the production of more memory cells

Question 26

active immunity

Answer 26

if thier body made its own antibodies and memory cells that protects against a disease

Question 27

active immunity is developed through

Answer 27

having the disease and recovering
being vaccinated
can last long

Question 28

passive immunity

Answer 28

if they have been given ready made antibodies that have been made by another organism

Question 29

passive immunity is developed through

Answer 29

breastfeeding a baby
injection
last short