Plant cells Flashcards

1
Q

Broad categories of modern plants

A

Nonvascular and vascular

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2
Q

Present only in vascular plants. Tissue specialized for the transport of water and solutes through a plant

A

Vascular tissue

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3
Q

These include mosses, liverworts, and other related plants

A

Nonvascular plants

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4
Q

Nonvascular plants have ______ instead of roots, flat broad tissues that contain chloroplasts like leaves

A

rhizoids

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5
Q

More than 90% of modern plants are _______

A

Vascular plants

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6
Q

Most vascular plants have leaves that are covered with and are also provided with pores for gaseous exchange

A

Cuticle

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7
Q

The size of the leaf pores in vascular plants are controlled by special cells called

A

Guard cells

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8
Q

There are about ______ known species of plants on Earth

A

500, 000

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9
Q

The cell walls of new plants are harder because of the compound ____

A

Lignin

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10
Q

Protects plants from winter’s cold. Other produce antifreeze compounds.

A

bud scales

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11
Q

Vascular plants produce either to reproduce

A

spores or seeds

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12
Q

A protective structure that contains a plant embryo and stored food.

A

Seed

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13
Q

The more recent classification of plants is based on the use of _______

A

Biochemistry and molecular biology

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14
Q

10 divisions of plants

A

Marchantiophyta (liverworts), Anthocerotophyta (hornworts), Bryophyta (mosses),
Filicophyta (ferns),
Cycadophyta (cycads),
Sphenophyta (horsetails),
Pinophyta (conifers),
Ginkgophyta (ginkgo)s,
Gnetophyta (gnetophytes)
Magnoliophyta (Angiosperms)

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15
Q

Include all nonvascular plants: the other 9 include vascular plants

A

Bryophyta

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16
Q

The Bryophyta includes three classes:

A

Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts

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17
Q

The vascular plants are classified into _______

A

Seedless plants (ferns) and seed plants

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18
Q

Seed plants are divided into

A

gymnosperms and angiosperms

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19
Q

Producing seeds that lack a protective fruit

A

Gymnosperms

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20
Q

Produced seeds enclosed and protected by a fruits

A

Angiosperms

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21
Q

Flowering plants

A

Angiosperms

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22
Q

Angiosperms with only one cotyledon

A

Monocots

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23
Q

Angiosperms with two cotyledon

A

Dicots

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24
Q

A series of organisms through which energy moves, in the form of foods.

A

Food chain

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25
Scattered with hair-like structures
Monocot roots
26
Ability to grow deep and without hair-like structures
Dicot roots
27
Function of Plants
Source of food and materials Human diet include plants Use to make cotton and rope Produce wood for building houses and paper Use in spices and coffee
28
In sexual reproduction, the two kinds of gametes are produced by the mosses
Egg and sperm
29
The egg producing organ of moss is called an
Archegonium
30
The sperm producing organ of moss is called
Antheridium
31
Fertilization produces a blank that undergoes mitosis and become a sporophyte
Zygote
32
In asexual reproduction, there are two ways by which mosses reproduce asexuality
Fragmentation and Gemmae production
33
Occurs when small pieces break from a gametophyte and grow into a new plant
Fragmentation
34
Are tiny pieces of tissue that can form new gametophyte
Gemmae
35
A kind of moss that form peat bogs, converts a pond into marshy soil
Peat moss
36
Wet ecosystem that is home to many interesting organisms like the carnivorous plants
Peat bog
37
The name was given because of a belief of people in medieval times that the plant could cure liver disease
Liverworts
38
Like some of those liverworts however, the archegonia and antheridia of this form inside the plant
Hornworts
39
Vascular plants that reproduce by soil
Seedless vascular plants
40
Plant whose highly branched stems resemble the straws in the broom
Whisk fern
41
Underground stems that functions as roots are called
Rhizomes
42
It is not a true moss. It is a low-growing vascular plant
Club moss
43
Have photosynthetic stem and underground rhizomes like the whisk ferns
Horsetails
44
The largest group of living seedless vascular plants are the
Ferns
45
What are the Seedless Vascular Plants
Whisk Ferns Club Mosses Horsetails Ferns
46
The main function of this is to absorb water and minerals
Roots
47
The core of the root consist of a vascular cylinder which contains xylem and phloem
Structure
48
In this root, the vascular tissue form a solid core at the center of the root
Dicot roots
49
The vascular tissue forms a ring that central region of cells known as pith
Monocot roots
50
A layer of cells separate the cortex from the vascular cylinder
Endodermis
51
Root types
Fibrous root system of grass Taproot system of dandelion
52
The first root to emerge
Primary root
53
In some plants such as the beets and carrots, the primary roots enlarge called
Taproot
54
In grass, the roots are numerous and are extensively branch called
Fibrous roots
55
Holds the leaves up to the sunlight and transport water and food between roots and leaves
Stem
56
Plants use their many leaves to trap light for
Photosynthesis
57
Leaves consist of
Broad flat blade and stemlike petiole
58
Surround the stomata and regulate the entrance and exit of materials depending on environmental
Guard cells
59
Plant Movement and response
Phototropism Gravitropism Nastic movement Photoperiodism Thigmotrophism
60
The response of plants to a light source
Phototropism
61
The growth in response to gravity
Gravitropism
62
The response of plants to touch causes plants
Thigmotrophism
63
The response that occur in the same way regardless of the direction of the stimulus
Nastic movement
64
Any response to a plants that is linked to day length
Photoperiodism
65
Plants have a special group of chemicals called
hormones
66
Organic compounds that are produced and released by one part of an organism
Hormones
67
The first identified plant hormones
Auxins
68
A plant hormone that causes cells to grow
Auxins
69
A plant hormone that causes the cell to grow larger
Gibberellins
70
Cause cells to divide and stimulate seeds to germinate and grow
Cytokinins
71
Control dormancy and this enables plants to survive
Ethylene and Abscisic Acid
72
Consist mostly of secondary xylem
Wood
73
The outer light-colored layers of secondary xylem is called
Sapwood
74
When the xylem get clogged, they become dark-colored and called
Heartwood
75
They are gymnosperms trees, lack fibers, and are easy to cut and nail
Softwoods
76
Have veins that run parallel to each other
Monocot leaves
77
Can either be pinnate or palmate
Dicot leaves
78
Like feather with a smaller veins
Palmate leaves
79
The theory that explains water movement in plants is known as the
Transpiration - cohesion theory
80
Produce reproductive structures called seed instead of spores
Seed plants
81
All seeds contain this and stored food in a protective "seed coat"
Embryo
82
Seeds that are inactive while they wait for optimal growing conditions
Dormant seeds
83
There are about numbers species of gymnosperms
700
84
Gymnosperms have m and f what and on the same tree the produce m and f what
Cones and gametes
85
A structure consisting of an egg and develops into a seed
Ovule
86
The transfer of pollen from the male to female part of the plant
Pollination
87
The reproductive structure of angiosperms is
Flower
88
Attracts pollinators and protect the developing flowers
Sterile parts
89
The egg-producing part of flower is called
Pistil
90
In male, the pollen-producing part of the flower is called
Stamen
91
The sterile parts of the flowers are the
Petals and sepal
92
Asexual reproduction that occurs naturally in plants is called
Vegetative reproduction
93
A way to make two different plants grow as one by diffusing their cut ends
Grafting