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Plant cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Broad categories of modern plants

A

Nonvascular and vascular

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2
Q

Present only in vascular plants. Tissue specialized for the transport of water and solutes through a plant

A

Vascular tissue

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3
Q

These include mosses, liverworts, and other related plants

A

Nonvascular plants

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4
Q

Nonvascular plants have ______ instead of roots, flat broad tissues that contain chloroplasts like leaves

A

rhizoids

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5
Q

More than 90% of modern plants are _______

A

Vascular plants

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6
Q

Most vascular plants have leaves that are covered with and are also provided with pores for gaseous exchange

A

Cuticle

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7
Q

The size of the leaf pores in vascular plants are controlled by special cells called

A

Guard cells

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8
Q

There are about ______ known species of plants on Earth

A

500, 000

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9
Q

The cell walls of new plants are harder because of the compound ____

A

Lignin

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10
Q

Protects plants from winter’s cold. Other produce antifreeze compounds.

A

bud scales

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11
Q

Vascular plants produce either to reproduce

A

spores or seeds

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12
Q

A protective structure that contains a plant embryo and stored food.

A

Seed

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13
Q

The more recent classification of plants is based on the use of _______

A

Biochemistry and molecular biology

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14
Q

10 divisions of plants

A

Marchantiophyta (liverworts), Anthocerotophyta (hornworts), Bryophyta (mosses),
Filicophyta (ferns),
Cycadophyta (cycads),
Sphenophyta (horsetails),
Pinophyta (conifers),
Ginkgophyta (ginkgo)s,
Gnetophyta (gnetophytes)
Magnoliophyta (Angiosperms)

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15
Q

Include all nonvascular plants: the other 9 include vascular plants

A

Bryophyta

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16
Q

The Bryophyta includes three classes:

A

Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts

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17
Q

The vascular plants are classified into _______

A

Seedless plants (ferns) and seed plants

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18
Q

Seed plants are divided into

A

gymnosperms and angiosperms

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19
Q

Producing seeds that lack a protective fruit

A

Gymnosperms

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20
Q

Produced seeds enclosed and protected by a fruits

A

Angiosperms

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21
Q

Flowering plants

A

Angiosperms

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22
Q

Angiosperms with only one cotyledon

A

Monocots

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23
Q

Angiosperms with two cotyledon

A

Dicots

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24
Q

A series of organisms through which energy moves, in the form of foods.

A

Food chain

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25
Q

Scattered with hair-like structures

A

Monocot roots

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26
Q

Ability to grow deep and without hair-like structures

A

Dicot roots

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27
Q

Function of Plants

A

Source of food and materials
Human diet include plants
Use to make cotton and rope
Produce wood for building houses and paper
Use in spices and coffee

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28
Q

In sexual reproduction, the two kinds of gametes are produced by the mosses

A

Egg and sperm

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29
Q

The egg producing organ of moss is called an

A

Archegonium

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30
Q

The sperm producing organ of moss is called

A

Antheridium

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31
Q

Fertilization produces a blank that undergoes mitosis and become a sporophyte

A

Zygote

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32
Q

In asexual reproduction, there are two ways by which mosses reproduce asexuality

A

Fragmentation and Gemmae production

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33
Q

Occurs when small pieces break from a gametophyte and grow into a new plant

A

Fragmentation

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34
Q

Are tiny pieces of tissue that can form new gametophyte

A

Gemmae

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35
Q

A kind of moss that form peat bogs, converts a pond into marshy soil

A

Peat moss

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36
Q

Wet ecosystem that is home to many interesting organisms like the carnivorous plants

A

Peat bog

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37
Q

The name was given because of a belief of people in medieval times that the plant could cure liver disease

A

Liverworts

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38
Q

Like some of those liverworts however, the archegonia and antheridia of this form inside the plant

A

Hornworts

39
Q

Vascular plants that reproduce by soil

A

Seedless vascular plants

40
Q

Plant whose highly branched stems resemble the straws in the broom

A

Whisk fern

41
Q

Underground stems that functions as roots are called

A

Rhizomes

42
Q

It is not a true moss. It is a low-growing vascular plant

A

Club moss

43
Q

Have photosynthetic stem and underground rhizomes like the whisk ferns

A

Horsetails

44
Q

The largest group of living seedless vascular plants are the

A

Ferns

45
Q

What are the Seedless Vascular Plants

A

Whisk Ferns
Club Mosses
Horsetails
Ferns

46
Q

The main function of this is to absorb water and minerals

A

Roots

47
Q

The core of the root consist of a vascular cylinder which contains xylem and phloem

A

Structure

48
Q

In this root, the vascular tissue form a solid core at the center of the root

A

Dicot roots

49
Q

The vascular tissue forms a ring that central region of cells known as pith

A

Monocot roots

50
Q

A layer of cells separate the cortex from the vascular cylinder

A

Endodermis

51
Q

Root types

A

Fibrous root system of grass
Taproot system of dandelion

52
Q

The first root to emerge

A

Primary root

53
Q

In some plants such as the beets and carrots, the primary roots enlarge called

A

Taproot

54
Q

In grass, the roots are numerous and are extensively branch called

A

Fibrous roots

55
Q

Holds the leaves up to the sunlight and transport water and food between roots and leaves

A

Stem

56
Q

Plants use their many leaves to trap light for

A

Photosynthesis

57
Q

Leaves consist of

A

Broad flat blade and stemlike petiole

58
Q

Surround the stomata and regulate the entrance and exit of materials depending on environmental

A

Guard cells

59
Q

Plant Movement and response

A

Phototropism
Gravitropism
Nastic movement
Photoperiodism
Thigmotrophism

60
Q

The response of plants to a light source

A

Phototropism

61
Q

The growth in response to gravity

A

Gravitropism

62
Q

The response of plants to touch causes plants

A

Thigmotrophism

63
Q

The response that occur in the same way regardless of the direction of the stimulus

A

Nastic movement

64
Q

Any response to a plants that is linked to day length

A

Photoperiodism

65
Q

Plants have a special group of chemicals called

A

hormones

66
Q

Organic compounds that are produced and released by one part of an organism

A

Hormones

67
Q

The first identified plant hormones

A

Auxins

68
Q

A plant hormone that causes cells to grow

A

Auxins

69
Q

A plant hormone that causes the cell to grow larger

A

Gibberellins

70
Q

Cause cells to divide and stimulate seeds to germinate and grow

A

Cytokinins

71
Q

Control dormancy and this enables plants to survive

A

Ethylene and Abscisic Acid

72
Q

Consist mostly of secondary xylem

A

Wood

73
Q

The outer light-colored layers of secondary xylem is called

A

Sapwood

74
Q

When the xylem get clogged, they become dark-colored and called

A

Heartwood

75
Q

They are gymnosperms trees, lack fibers, and are easy to cut and nail

A

Softwoods

76
Q

Have veins that run parallel to each other

A

Monocot leaves

77
Q

Can either be pinnate or palmate

A

Dicot leaves

78
Q

Like feather with a smaller veins

A

Palmate leaves

79
Q

The theory that explains water movement in plants is known as the

A

Transpiration - cohesion theory

80
Q

Produce reproductive structures called seed instead of spores

A

Seed plants

81
Q

All seeds contain this and stored food in a protective “seed coat”

A

Embryo

82
Q

Seeds that are inactive while they wait for optimal growing conditions

A

Dormant seeds

83
Q

There are about numbers species of gymnosperms

A

700

84
Q

Gymnosperms have m and f what and on the same tree the produce m and f what

A

Cones and gametes

85
Q

A structure consisting of an egg and develops into a seed

A

Ovule

86
Q

The transfer of pollen from the male to female part of the plant

A

Pollination

87
Q

The reproductive structure of angiosperms is

A

Flower

88
Q

Attracts pollinators and protect the developing flowers

A

Sterile parts

89
Q

The egg-producing part of flower is called

A

Pistil

90
Q

In male, the pollen-producing part of the flower is called

A

Stamen

91
Q

The sterile parts of the flowers are the

A

Petals and sepal

92
Q

Asexual reproduction that occurs naturally in plants is called

A

Vegetative reproduction

93
Q

A way to make two different plants grow as one by diffusing their cut ends

A

Grafting

Biology (12 decks)

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