Excretory And Nervous System Flashcards
Regulations of body fluid requires a _________, cardiovascular responses and renal responses in order to process the concentrated particles and volumes of body fluid at a point where our body can manage
FLUID REGULATION
neural and endocrine control
Our body requires a particular volume of fluid in order to function. Most of the fluids are taken into the body by _________ and are excreted by the _________ to make sure the body is not dehydrated or or overhydrated
FLUID REGULATION
drinking and eating
kidney
Drinking enough water helps our body to:
FLUID INTAKE
regulate temperature
prevent infections
reduce acne
deliver nutrients to cells
keep organs functioning
improves your skin
Our body weight consists of water between _______ and decreases overtime.
50% to 60%
Healthy kidneys are extremely good at regulating the amount of fluid in the body. If a person drinks an extra ______ in a day, the kidneys will excrete an extra ________
1.5 litres of fluid
1.5 litres of urine
Studies have shown that the adequate daily fluid intake ranges from _______ for men and _______ for women
(3.7 litres)
(2.7 litres)
filters fluid. from our body and excrete It as “urine”.
Kidney
controls constricts the veins and simulates the non adrenaline and adrenaline into our blood
Nervous System
Cortisol is excreted from the adrenal cortex. This stress ______ has profound effects on metabolism, but it also promotes fluid retention by increasing the reabsorption of sodium in the kidneys
Hormones
Fluid Regulators
Kidney
Nervous System
Hormones
is concerned with removing nitrogen-containing wastes in the body.
excretory system
The main excretory organ is _____ It processes the wastes such as urea, medications, and toxin, into a liquid called urine.
kidney
_______ are pair of bean-shaped organs that removes wastes from the blood.
kidneys
Each kidney consists of two regions:
the outer cortex and the inner medulla
Each kidney contains approximately one million functional units called _______
nephrons
A nephron is consists of a clump of capillaries, the ______ , and a tube which forms a cup-shaped capsule, the _______ around the glomerulus.
glomerulus
Bowman’s capsule
The part of nephtron in which urine forms is the
renal tubule
A large volume of the blood pass through the kidneys each day. About one to two liters of liquid are formed as ______
urine
The process of urine formation involves:
filtration, reabsorption, secretion.
is the passing of liquid or grass through a filter to remove impurities
Filtration
The fluid that enters the renal tubules is called the :
filtrate
The process in which a liquid is taken back into vessel is called
reabsorption
The fluid that remains in reabsorption, called _____ is mainly wastes.
urine
Is the release of some substances from the blood.
Secretion
_____ consists mostly of water, urea uric acid, salts, and substances derived from medications.
Urine
The collecting tubule in each kidney enters a larger tube, the ______
ureter
Carries to the _______ for temporary stoarage.
urinary bladder
Urine passes through the ________ on its way out of the body
urethra
Increased urination can be induced by taking a ________, a chemical substance that prevents water from being reabsorbed.
diuretic
Examples of deuretic
Caffeine in coffee
Cola
Tea
Edema
Alcohol
enables the body to gather information and respond quickly
NERVOUS
produces slower, longer-lasting responses.
ENDOCRINE
which consists of the brain and the spinal cord, is the main control conter of the body. It processes information and sends instructions to other parts of the body
CENTRAL
which is made up of nerves that extend throughout the body gathers and delivers information to and from the central nervous system
PERIPHERAL
Nervous System Parts
Central
Peripheral
basic functional unit. consists of a cell body and two types of fiber like structures
NEURONS
branched structures attached to the cell body are called _______ which receive and carry information toward the cell body
dendrites
long structure that extends from the cell body is called an _______ which carries nerve impulses away from the cell body
axon
The axons and the dendrites of neurons are collectively called ______
nerve fibers
Nerve fibers are bundled into structures called _______.
nerves
Parts of Neurons
SENSORY NEURONS
MOTOR NEURONS
INTERNEURONS
- neuroglia
- special connective tissue cells
- they protect, mechanically support, and assist the neurons.
- Ninety percent of the cells the nervous system are which include Schwann cells and astrocytes.
GLIAL CELLS
______are most numerous in the PNS
______are most numerous in the CNS.
Schwann cells
Astrocytes
Schwann cells have membranes that contain a fatty substance called ______, that fibers is called ______
myelin
myelin sheath
________ hold the interneurons together and connect them to capillaries. _______ are believed to supply neurons with oxygen and nutrients from the blood vessels, and may have a role in forming. memories.
Astrocytes
A wave of chemical and eletrical change that is conducted along the membrane of a neuron
NERVE IMPULSE
The electrical charge a cross the cell membrane of a neuron of a resting state is called
THE RESTING POTENTIAL
The reversal and restoration of charges across the cell membrane of a neuron is called
THE ACTION POTENTIAL, also known as a nerver impluse
Automatic response to a change in the environment
Reflex
The neurons in a pathway called a ______ carry the nerve impulses for an automatic response
reflex arc
REFLEX ARC WHICH CONSISTS OF 5 PARTS:
Receptors
Sensory neurons
Interneurons
Motor neurons
Muscle
that carries a nerve impluse to the spinal cord
Sensory neuron
that sends a nerve impulse to a motor neuron
Interneuron
that carries a nerve impulse to a muscle
Motor neuron
that contracts.
Muscle
Command center for the entire body
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Central nervous System is Consist of
spinal cord and brain.
Consist of cranial nerves from the brain and spinal nerves from the spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System
It is a tube like organ that links the brain with the spinal nerves.
Spinal cord
It is a tube like organ that links the brain with the spinal nerves.
Spinal cord
Contains approximately 100 billion neurons and 900 billion neuroglia.
Protected by bone, meninges, and cushion of fluid
Brain
Connects the spinal cord to the rest of the brain.Its role is to take care of the function of the organs of your body
Brain Stem
Second largest part of the brain. It coordinates muscle activities and enables the body to make smooth, steady and efficient movement.
Cerebellum
The largest region, forming about 85% of the human brain
Cerebrum
serves as a relay station by directing incoming messages from the spinal cord to tthe appropriate parts of brain.
Thalamus
linked to the endocrine system, monitors internal conditions, such as water content and temperature.
Hypothalamus
Connects the central nervous system to glands, the smooth muscles of the visceral organs, and the cardiac muscles. Involuntary
Autonomic Nervous System
Consists of motor neurons that connect the CNS to the striated or voluntary muscles.
Somatic Nervous System
The body’s master control unit
Central NS
A column of nerves between the brain and peripheral nervous system
Spinal Cord
Connects the brain to the spinal cord
Brain stem
Divided into three major parts;
• the hindbrain (lower part)
• the midbrain
• the forebrain
Brain
(The body’s link to the outside world)
Peripheral NS
Regulates involuntary bodily processes, including heart rate, respiration, digestion and pupil contraction; operates automatically without conscious direction
The Autonomic NS
Carries sensory information from sensory organs to the CNS and relays motor (movement) commands to muscles, controls voluntary movements
The Somatic NS
Prepares the body for action and stress. This is called “fight or flight
Sympathetic NS
calms the body and helps the body to conserve energy
Parasympathetic NS
