Plant Adaptations Flashcards
_____ obtain energy by eating other organisms.
Heterotroph
_____ generate their own energy
ex: plants
Autotroph
_____ is a process by which energy from the sun, in the form of shortwave radiation, is harnessed to drive a series of chemical reactions that result in the fixation of CO2 into carbs and the release of O2
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis uses energy from the sun in the form of _____
Shortwave Radiation
Photosynthesis drives a series of chemical reactions that result in the fixation of _____ into _____ and the release of _____
CO2
Carbs
O2
_____ Reactions do not require the presence of sunlight
Dark Reactions
What are the 5 steps of a Light Reaction
- Begin with initial photochemical reaction where chlorophyll molecules within chloroplasts absorb light energy
- Absorption of photon of light raises energy level of the chlorophyll molecule
- Energy transferred to another acceptor molecule
- Results in ETC
- Results in synthesis of ATP and NADPH
Dark Reactions are dependent on what 2 products of a light reaction
- ATP
2. NADPH
What chemical reaction occurs in Dark Reactions?
5 C molecule of RuBP (ribulose biphosphate) combines with CO2 to form 2 molecules of a 3 C compound (3-PGA)
What is the 5 Carbon Molecule that goes into a Dark Reaction?
RuBP (ribulose biphosphate)
RuBP combines with _____ in a Dark Reaction to form 2 molecules of a 3 C Compound (3-PGA)
CO2
RuBP combines with CO2 in a Dark Reaction to form 2 molecules of a _____
3 C Compound (3-PGA)
Dark Reactions are catalyzed by _____ to convert 3-PGA into G3P
Rubisco
Dark Reactions are catalyzed by Rubisco to convert _____ into _____
3-PGA
G3P
The chemical reaction that occurs during a Dark Reaction is called the _____
Calvin-Benson Cycle
the _____ is the outer layer of a cell that prevents gas exchange to prevent water loss
Epidermis
a _____ is the openings on the plants that allows CO2 to enter the leaf by diffusion
Stomata
the Stomata allows _____ to enter the leaf by diffusion
CO2
The Stomata allows CO2 to enter the leaf by _____
diffusion
the _____ is the tissue layer where photosynthesis occurs
Mesophyll
the Mesophyll is the tissue layer of cells where _____ usually occurs
Photosynthesis
_____ are the site of CO2 fixation by rubisco in C4 plants
Bundle Sheath Cells
Bundle Sheath Cells are the site of _____ fixation by rubisco in C4 plants
CO2
Bundle Sheath Cells are the site of CO2 fixation by _____ in C4 plants
rubisco
Bundle Sheath Cells are the site of CO2 fixation by rubisco in _____ plants
C4 plants
the _____ is the transport systems in vascular plants
Vascular Bundle
_____ catalyzes carboxylation in the dark reactions
Rubisco
Rubisco converts 3-PGA into G3P in dark reactions and requires _____ and _____
ATP and NADPH
_____ is when water evaporates from the leaves of plants
Transpiration
_____ have 2 distinct types of photosynthetic cells: mesophyll and bundle sheath cells and divide photosynthesis between the 2 types of cells
C4 Plants
C4 Plants have 2 distinct types of photosynthetic cells: _____ and _____ which they divide photosynthesis between
Mesophyll
Bundle Sheath Cells
CO2 reacts with _____ within Mesophyll Cells
PEP
_____ are plants that undergo the Calvin cycle (dark reactions) and involves the initial fixation of CO2 into PGA’s
C3 Plants
C3 Plants involve the initial fixation of CO2 into _____
PGA’s
C3 Plants undergo the _____ (dark reactions)
Calvin Cycle
the _____ is when the rate of photosynthesis equals the rate of respiration
Light Compensation Point
The Light Compensation Point is when the rate of photosynthesis equals the rate of _____
respiration
_____ are executed by desert cats keeping stomata closed during the day to preserve water and opening stomata at night to take in CO2
CAM Pathways
In the Cam Pathways of desert cacti, when CO2 is taken in at night through the open stomata, it is stored as _____ using PEP
Malic Acid
After Malic Acid is stored in the desert cacti in a CAM Pathway, it is then used in _____ during the day using a C3 Cycle
Calvin Cycle
After Malic Acid is stored in the desert cacti in a CAM Pathway, it is then used in Calvin cycle during the day using a _____
C3 Cycle
In a CAM Pathway, minimal water loss occurs through the stomata!
!!!
the _____ is when any increase in PAR won’t lead to the increase in photosynthesis
Light Saturation Point
_____ is the ratio of carbon stored per unit of water lost
Water Use Efficiency
_____ is the balance between the uptake of CO2 in photosynthesis and loss in respiration
Net Photosynthesis
_____ is the balance between the uptake of CO2 in photosynthesis and its loss through respiration of the whole plant
Carbon Balance
If there is more carbon in than out in the carbon balance it is _____
positive
If there is more carbon respired than taken in in the carbon balance than it is _____
negative
What are the temperature effects on photosynthesis?
As temperature increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases until optimum temperature is reached.
If temperature keeps increasing above the optimum temperature what happens in photosynthesis?
If temperature keeps increasing above the optimum temperature then photosynthesis starts to decrease very rapidly because of denaturation of enzymes (rubisco).
If temperature keeps increasing above the optimum temperature what happens in respiration?
Respiration continues to increase but eventually decreases at critical levels.
_____ is the ability of a plant to maintain a positive carbon balance in low light (understory) conditions
Shade Tolerance
Describe the kind of leaves provided by a plant that utilize Shade Tolerance
larger, thinner leaves
_____ is the max rate of Photosynthesis at high light and survival at low light in shade tolerance
Trade-off
What are the benefits and costs of plants opening their stomata in dry environments?
To carry out photosynthesis, the plant must take up CO2 by opening the stomata, but the plant will lose water through the stomata to outside air. This water must then be replaced through the plants roots. However, if the access to eater is limited, the plant must balance the opening/closing of the stomata to allow for the uptake of CO2 while minimizing water loss through transpiration.
_____ is the differences in water levels or amounts that allows water to move from roots to leaves
Water Potential
_____ is when rubisco binds with oxygen
Photorespiration
_____ are more water efficient than _____ because it concentrated CO2 in bundle sheath cells
C4 Plants
C3 Plants
_____ is the evolution of a similar trait in unrelated lineages
Convergent Evolution
_____ is photosynthetically active radiation
PAR
_____ are fungal root associates that can increase nutrient uptake by a plant
ex: bacteria that can fix atmospheric nitrogen, a low nitrogen leaf lasts longer than a rich nitrogen leaf
Mycorrizae
What are the 2 processes in photosynthesis?
- Light Dependent Reactions
2. Light Independent/Dark Reactions
_____ Reactions process light energy into chemical energy (ATP/NADPH) which provide energy for many metabolic processes
Light Dependent
_____ Reactions use the Calvin-Benson Cycle where ATP and NADPH are used to make sugars and regenerate Rubisco
Light Independent
_____ is the enzyme that drives the formation of sugar in light dependent reactions
Rubisco
_____ is the breakdown of glucose to harvest energy (ATP)
Respiration
_____ is when rubisco binds with oxygen, reducing the rate of photosynthesis
- costs energy to disattach
Photorespiration
Which does a plant want, Positive Carbon Balance or Negative Carbon Balance?
Positive Carbon Balance
_____ is a pigment in plants that absorbs light
Chlorophyll
_____ are the organelles in plants that conduct photosynthesis
Chloroplasts
_____ transports water from roots to leaves
Xylem
_____ transports sugars around the plant
Phloem
_____ are the pores in the epidermis that allows gas exchange
Stoma
_____ Respiration where a plant uses sunlight and carbon dioxide to build food and release oxygen
Aerobic
_____ Respiration is when glucose is broken down to release energy in the absence of oxygen
Anaerobic
_____ is a set of metabolic reactions that convert energy into ATP and release waste
Cellular Respiration
_____ is the light induced reduction in photosynthesis
Photoinhibition
_____ is the strategy of carbon investment based on environmental conditions
Carbon Allocation