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Ecology > Plant Adaptations > Flashcards

Plant Adaptations Flashcards

1
Q

_____ obtain energy by eating other organisms.

A

Heterotroph

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2
Q

_____ generate their own energy

ex: plants

A

Autotroph

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3
Q

_____ is a process by which energy from the sun, in the form of shortwave radiation, is harnessed to drive a series of chemical reactions that result in the fixation of CO2 into carbs and the release of O2

A

Photosynthesis

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4
Q

Photosynthesis uses energy from the sun in the form of _____

A

Shortwave Radiation

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5
Q

Photosynthesis drives a series of chemical reactions that result in the fixation of _____ into _____ and the release of _____

A

CO2
Carbs
O2

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6
Q

_____ Reactions do not require the presence of sunlight

A

Dark Reactions

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7
Q

What are the 5 steps of a Light Reaction

A
  1. Begin with initial photochemical reaction where chlorophyll molecules within chloroplasts absorb light energy
  2. Absorption of photon of light raises energy level of the chlorophyll molecule
  3. Energy transferred to another acceptor molecule
  4. Results in ETC
  5. Results in synthesis of ATP and NADPH
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8
Q

Dark Reactions are dependent on what 2 products of a light reaction

A
  1. ATP

2. NADPH

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9
Q

What chemical reaction occurs in Dark Reactions?

A

5 C molecule of RuBP (ribulose biphosphate) combines with CO2 to form 2 molecules of a 3 C compound (3-PGA)

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10
Q

What is the 5 Carbon Molecule that goes into a Dark Reaction?

A

RuBP (ribulose biphosphate)

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11
Q

RuBP combines with _____ in a Dark Reaction to form 2 molecules of a 3 C Compound (3-PGA)

A

CO2

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12
Q

RuBP combines with CO2 in a Dark Reaction to form 2 molecules of a _____

A

3 C Compound (3-PGA)

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13
Q

Dark Reactions are catalyzed by _____ to convert 3-PGA into G3P

A

Rubisco

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14
Q

Dark Reactions are catalyzed by Rubisco to convert _____ into _____

A

3-PGA

G3P

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15
Q

The chemical reaction that occurs during a Dark Reaction is called the _____

A

Calvin-Benson Cycle

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16
Q

the _____ is the outer layer of a cell that prevents gas exchange to prevent water loss

A

Epidermis

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17
Q

a _____ is the openings on the plants that allows CO2 to enter the leaf by diffusion

A

Stomata

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18
Q

the Stomata allows _____ to enter the leaf by diffusion

A

CO2

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19
Q

The Stomata allows CO2 to enter the leaf by _____

A

diffusion

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20
Q

the _____ is the tissue layer where photosynthesis occurs

A

Mesophyll

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21
Q

the Mesophyll is the tissue layer of cells where _____ usually occurs

A

Photosynthesis

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22
Q

_____ are the site of CO2 fixation by rubisco in C4 plants

A

Bundle Sheath Cells

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23
Q

Bundle Sheath Cells are the site of _____ fixation by rubisco in C4 plants

A

CO2

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24
Q

Bundle Sheath Cells are the site of CO2 fixation by _____ in C4 plants

A

rubisco

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25
Q

Bundle Sheath Cells are the site of CO2 fixation by rubisco in _____ plants

A

C4 plants

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26
Q

the _____ is the transport systems in vascular plants

A

Vascular Bundle

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27
Q

_____ catalyzes carboxylation in the dark reactions

A

Rubisco

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28
Q

Rubisco converts 3-PGA into G3P in dark reactions and requires _____ and _____

A

ATP and NADPH

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29
Q

_____ is when water evaporates from the leaves of plants

A

Transpiration

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30
Q

_____ have 2 distinct types of photosynthetic cells: mesophyll and bundle sheath cells and divide photosynthesis between the 2 types of cells

A

C4 Plants

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31
Q

C4 Plants have 2 distinct types of photosynthetic cells: _____ and _____ which they divide photosynthesis between

A

Mesophyll

Bundle Sheath Cells

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32
Q

CO2 reacts with _____ within Mesophyll Cells

A

PEP

33
Q

_____ are plants that undergo the Calvin cycle (dark reactions) and involves the initial fixation of CO2 into PGA’s

A

C3 Plants

34
Q

C3 Plants involve the initial fixation of CO2 into _____

A

PGA’s

35
Q

C3 Plants undergo the _____ (dark reactions)

A

Calvin Cycle

36
Q

the _____ is when the rate of photosynthesis equals the rate of respiration

A

Light Compensation Point

37
Q

The Light Compensation Point is when the rate of photosynthesis equals the rate of _____

A

respiration

38
Q

_____ are executed by desert cats keeping stomata closed during the day to preserve water and opening stomata at night to take in CO2

A

CAM Pathways

39
Q

In the Cam Pathways of desert cacti, when CO2 is taken in at night through the open stomata, it is stored as _____ using PEP

A

Malic Acid

40
Q

After Malic Acid is stored in the desert cacti in a CAM Pathway, it is then used in _____ during the day using a C3 Cycle

A

Calvin Cycle

41
Q

After Malic Acid is stored in the desert cacti in a CAM Pathway, it is then used in Calvin cycle during the day using a _____

A

C3 Cycle

42
Q

In a CAM Pathway, minimal water loss occurs through the stomata!

A

!!!

43
Q

the _____ is when any increase in PAR won’t lead to the increase in photosynthesis

A

Light Saturation Point

44
Q

_____ is the ratio of carbon stored per unit of water lost

A

Water Use Efficiency

45
Q

_____ is the balance between the uptake of CO2 in photosynthesis and loss in respiration

A

Net Photosynthesis

46
Q

_____ is the balance between the uptake of CO2 in photosynthesis and its loss through respiration of the whole plant

A

Carbon Balance

47
Q

If there is more carbon in than out in the carbon balance it is _____

A

positive

48
Q

If there is more carbon respired than taken in in the carbon balance than it is _____

A

negative

49
Q

What are the temperature effects on photosynthesis?

A

As temperature increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases until optimum temperature is reached.

50
Q

If temperature keeps increasing above the optimum temperature what happens in photosynthesis?

A

If temperature keeps increasing above the optimum temperature then photosynthesis starts to decrease very rapidly because of denaturation of enzymes (rubisco).

51
Q

If temperature keeps increasing above the optimum temperature what happens in respiration?

A

Respiration continues to increase but eventually decreases at critical levels.

52
Q

_____ is the ability of a plant to maintain a positive carbon balance in low light (understory) conditions

A

Shade Tolerance

53
Q

Describe the kind of leaves provided by a plant that utilize Shade Tolerance

A

larger, thinner leaves

54
Q

_____ is the max rate of Photosynthesis at high light and survival at low light in shade tolerance

A

Trade-off

55
Q

What are the benefits and costs of plants opening their stomata in dry environments?

A

To carry out photosynthesis, the plant must take up CO2 by opening the stomata, but the plant will lose water through the stomata to outside air. This water must then be replaced through the plants roots. However, if the access to eater is limited, the plant must balance the opening/closing of the stomata to allow for the uptake of CO2 while minimizing water loss through transpiration.

56
Q

_____ is the differences in water levels or amounts that allows water to move from roots to leaves

A

Water Potential

57
Q

_____ is when rubisco binds with oxygen

A

Photorespiration

58
Q

_____ are more water efficient than _____ because it concentrated CO2 in bundle sheath cells

A

C4 Plants

C3 Plants

59
Q

_____ is the evolution of a similar trait in unrelated lineages

A

Convergent Evolution

60
Q

_____ is photosynthetically active radiation

A

PAR

61
Q

_____ are fungal root associates that can increase nutrient uptake by a plant
ex: bacteria that can fix atmospheric nitrogen, a low nitrogen leaf lasts longer than a rich nitrogen leaf

A

Mycorrizae

62
Q

What are the 2 processes in photosynthesis?

A
  1. Light Dependent Reactions

2. Light Independent/Dark Reactions

63
Q

_____ Reactions process light energy into chemical energy (ATP/NADPH) which provide energy for many metabolic processes

A

Light Dependent

64
Q

_____ Reactions use the Calvin-Benson Cycle where ATP and NADPH are used to make sugars and regenerate Rubisco

A

Light Independent

65
Q

_____ is the enzyme that drives the formation of sugar in light dependent reactions

A

Rubisco

66
Q

_____ is the breakdown of glucose to harvest energy (ATP)

A

Respiration

67
Q

_____ is when rubisco binds with oxygen, reducing the rate of photosynthesis
- costs energy to disattach

A

Photorespiration

68
Q

Which does a plant want, Positive Carbon Balance or Negative Carbon Balance?

A

Positive Carbon Balance

69
Q

_____ is a pigment in plants that absorbs light

A

Chlorophyll

70
Q

_____ are the organelles in plants that conduct photosynthesis

A

Chloroplasts

71
Q

_____ transports water from roots to leaves

A

Xylem

72
Q

_____ transports sugars around the plant

A

Phloem

73
Q

_____ are the pores in the epidermis that allows gas exchange

A

Stoma

74
Q

_____ Respiration where a plant uses sunlight and carbon dioxide to build food and release oxygen

A

Aerobic

75
Q

_____ Respiration is when glucose is broken down to release energy in the absence of oxygen

A

Anaerobic

76
Q

_____ is a set of metabolic reactions that convert energy into ATP and release waste

A

Cellular Respiration

77
Q

_____ is the light induced reduction in photosynthesis

A

Photoinhibition

78
Q

_____ is the strategy of carbon investment based on environmental conditions

A

Carbon Allocation

Ecology (9 decks)

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