Plant Adaptations Flashcards by Lauren Kruszon

_____ obtain energy by eating other organisms.

Heterotroph

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_____ generate their own energy

ex: plants

Autotroph

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_____ is a process by which energy from the sun, in the form of shortwave radiation, is harnessed to drive a series of chemical reactions that result in the fixation of CO2 into carbs and the release of O2

Photosynthesis

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Photosynthesis uses energy from the sun in the form of _____

Shortwave Radiation

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Photosynthesis drives a series of chemical reactions that result in the fixation of _____ into _____ and the release of _____

CO2
Carbs
O2

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_____ Reactions do not require the presence of sunlight

Dark Reactions

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What are the 5 steps of a Light Reaction

Begin with initial photochemical reaction where chlorophyll molecules within chloroplasts absorb light energy
Absorption of photon of light raises energy level of the chlorophyll molecule
Energy transferred to another acceptor molecule
Results in ETC
Results in synthesis of ATP and NADPH

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Dark Reactions are dependent on what 2 products of a light reaction

2. NADPH

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What chemical reaction occurs in Dark Reactions?

5 C molecule of RuBP (ribulose biphosphate) combines with CO2 to form 2 molecules of a 3 C compound (3-PGA)

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What is the 5 Carbon Molecule that goes into a Dark Reaction?

RuBP (ribulose biphosphate)

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RuBP combines with _____ in a Dark Reaction to form 2 molecules of a 3 C Compound (3-PGA)

CO2

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RuBP combines with CO2 in a Dark Reaction to form 2 molecules of a _____

3 C Compound (3-PGA)

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Dark Reactions are catalyzed by _____ to convert 3-PGA into G3P

Rubisco

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Dark Reactions are catalyzed by Rubisco to convert _____ into _____

3-PGA

G3P

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The chemical reaction that occurs during a Dark Reaction is called the _____

Calvin-Benson Cycle

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the _____ is the outer layer of a cell that prevents gas exchange to prevent water loss

Epidermis

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a _____ is the openings on the plants that allows CO2 to enter the leaf by diffusion

Stomata

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the Stomata allows _____ to enter the leaf by diffusion

CO2

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The Stomata allows CO2 to enter the leaf by _____

diffusion

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the _____ is the tissue layer where photosynthesis occurs

Mesophyll

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the Mesophyll is the tissue layer of cells where _____ usually occurs

Photosynthesis

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_____ are the site of CO2 fixation by rubisco in C4 plants

Bundle Sheath Cells

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Bundle Sheath Cells are the site of _____ fixation by rubisco in C4 plants

CO2

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Bundle Sheath Cells are the site of CO2 fixation by _____ in C4 plants

rubisco

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Bundle Sheath Cells are the site of CO2 fixation by rubisco in _____ plants

C4 plants

the _____ is the transport systems in vascular plants

Vascular Bundle

_____ catalyzes carboxylation in the dark reactions

Rubisco

Rubisco converts 3-PGA into G3P in dark reactions and requires _____ and _____

ATP and NADPH

_____ is when water evaporates from the leaves of plants

Transpiration

_____ have 2 distinct types of photosynthetic cells: mesophyll and bundle sheath cells and divide photosynthesis between the 2 types of cells

C4 Plants

C4 Plants have 2 distinct types of photosynthetic cells: _____ and _____ which they divide photosynthesis between

Mesophyll | Bundle Sheath Cells

CO2 reacts with _____ within Mesophyll Cells

PEP

_____ are plants that undergo the Calvin cycle (dark reactions) and involves the initial fixation of CO2 into PGA's

C3 Plants

C3 Plants involve the initial fixation of CO2 into _____

PGA's

C3 Plants undergo the _____ (dark reactions)

Calvin Cycle

the _____ is when the rate of photosynthesis equals the rate of respiration

Light Compensation Point

The Light Compensation Point is when the rate of photosynthesis equals the rate of _____

respiration

_____ are executed by desert cats keeping stomata closed during the day to preserve water and opening stomata at night to take in CO2

CAM Pathways

In the Cam Pathways of desert cacti, when CO2 is taken in at night through the open stomata, it is stored as _____ using PEP

Malic Acid

After Malic Acid is stored in the desert cacti in a CAM Pathway, it is then used in _____ during the day using a C3 Cycle

Calvin Cycle

After Malic Acid is stored in the desert cacti in a CAM Pathway, it is then used in Calvin cycle during the day using a _____

C3 Cycle

In a CAM Pathway, minimal water loss occurs through the stomata!

!!!

the _____ is when any increase in PAR won't lead to the increase in photosynthesis

Light Saturation Point

_____ is the ratio of carbon stored per unit of water lost

Water Use Efficiency

_____ is the balance between the uptake of CO2 in photosynthesis and loss in respiration

Net Photosynthesis

_____ is the balance between the uptake of CO2 in photosynthesis and its loss through respiration of the whole plant

Carbon Balance

If there is more carbon in than out in the carbon balance it is _____

positive

If there is more carbon respired than taken in in the carbon balance than it is _____

negative

What are the temperature effects on photosynthesis?

As temperature increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases until optimum temperature is reached.

If temperature keeps increasing above the optimum temperature what happens in photosynthesis?

If temperature keeps increasing above the optimum temperature then photosynthesis starts to decrease very rapidly because of denaturation of enzymes (rubisco).

If temperature keeps increasing above the optimum temperature what happens in respiration?

Respiration continues to increase but eventually decreases at critical levels.

_____ is the ability of a plant to maintain a positive carbon balance in low light (understory) conditions

Shade Tolerance

Describe the kind of leaves provided by a plant that utilize Shade Tolerance

larger, thinner leaves

_____ is the max rate of Photosynthesis at high light and survival at low light in shade tolerance

Trade-off

What are the benefits and costs of plants opening their stomata in dry environments?

To carry out photosynthesis, the plant must take up CO2 by opening the stomata, but the plant will lose water through the stomata to outside air. This water must then be replaced through the plants roots. However, if the access to eater is limited, the plant must balance the opening/closing of the stomata to allow for the uptake of CO2 while minimizing water loss through transpiration.

_____ is the differences in water levels or amounts that allows water to move from roots to leaves

Water Potential

_____ is when rubisco binds with oxygen

Photorespiration

_____ are more water efficient than _____ because it concentrated CO2 in bundle sheath cells

C4 Plants | C3 Plants

_____ is the evolution of a similar trait in unrelated lineages

Convergent Evolution

_____ is photosynthetically active radiation

PAR

_____ are fungal root associates that can increase nutrient uptake by a plant ex: bacteria that can fix atmospheric nitrogen, a low nitrogen leaf lasts longer than a rich nitrogen leaf

Mycorrizae

What are the 2 processes in photosynthesis?

1. Light Dependent Reactions | 2. Light Independent/Dark Reactions

_____ Reactions process light energy into chemical energy (ATP/NADPH) which provide energy for many metabolic processes

Light Dependent

_____ Reactions use the Calvin-Benson Cycle where ATP and NADPH are used to make sugars and regenerate Rubisco

Light Independent

_____ is the enzyme that drives the formation of sugar in light dependent reactions

Rubisco

_____ is the breakdown of glucose to harvest energy (ATP)

Respiration

_____ is when rubisco binds with oxygen, reducing the rate of photosynthesis - costs energy to disattach

Photorespiration

Which does a plant want, Positive Carbon Balance or Negative Carbon Balance?

Positive Carbon Balance

_____ is a pigment in plants that absorbs light

Chlorophyll

_____ are the organelles in plants that conduct photosynthesis

Chloroplasts

_____ transports water from roots to leaves

Xylem

_____ transports sugars around the plant

Phloem

_____ are the pores in the epidermis that allows gas exchange

Stoma

_____ Respiration where a plant uses sunlight and carbon dioxide to build food and release oxygen

Aerobic

_____ Respiration is when glucose is broken down to release energy in the absence of oxygen

Anaerobic

_____ is a set of metabolic reactions that convert energy into ATP and release waste

Cellular Respiration

_____ is the light induced reduction in photosynthesis

Photoinhibition

_____ is the strategy of carbon investment based on environmental conditions

Carbon Allocation