Animal Adaptations Flashcards
_____ is the maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment in a varying external environment
Homeostasis
_____ is the limited range of maximum and minimum physiological tolerances in which an organism can operate
Homeostatic Plateau
_____ is the property of a control system to use its output as part of input
Feedback
_____ Feedback is when deviation in the controlled quantity that is counterbalanced by the control system
Negative Feedback
_____ Feedback is when deviation in a controlled quantity is further amplified
Positive Feedback
______ is internal heat production
Endothermy
_____ is the process of obtaining heat from sources outside the body
Ectothermy
_____ are organisms who use endothermy to regulate body temperature
Homeotherms
_____ are organisms who use ectothermy to regulate body temperatures
poikilotherms
_____ are organisms who use both endo and ectothermy to regulate body temperatures
Heterotrophs
_____ Tradeoff is the maintenance of activity despite external conditions, requires substantial amount of energy
Endothermy Tradeoff
_____ Tradeoff is the restricted activity to a smaller range of temperatures, energy that would be used for heat production can be used for growth and reproduction
Ectothermy Tradeoff
a _____ is the internal mechanisms in organisms used to control the periodicity of various functions or activities
Biological Clock
_____ is when organisms adjust to their environment
acclimation
_____ is the ability of an organism with a given genotype to change its phenotype in response to changes in its environment
Phenotypic Plastic Response
_____ physical arrangement of arteries and veins to allow transfer of heat
- can heat or cool
Countercurrent Heat Exchange
_____: a broadly distributed species (for Claude) will have a larger body size at higher (colder) latitudes
Bergman’s Rule
larger organisms have (more/less) surface area
more
why do small organisms retain less heat?
They have less surface area
_____: shorter limbs in colder environments
Allen’s Rule
_____ is the study of the relationship between body size and the shape, anatomy, physiology, and behavior of an organism
Allometry
_____: because metabolic rate and population density scale allometrically with mass, the energy used by any population will be the same across all animals despite differences in body size
- energy use is invariant with body size
Energetic Equivalence Rule
_____ changes with body size
Energy Utilization
a _____ is an organism that eats plants
Herbivore
a _____ is an organism that only eats meat
Carnivore
a _____ is an animal or person that eats plants and animals
Omnivore
a _____ is an organism that eats dead/decaying matter
Detrivore
_____ are organisms that can make their own sugars and energy
Autotrophs
_____ are organisms that need to consume or obtain energy from other organisms
Heterotrophs
What are the advantages of tradeoffs? (2)
- energy conservation: can go directly to growth, reproduction instead of head production
- activity in varying environmental conditions
What are the disadvantages of tradeoffs? (2)
- activity depends on environmental conditions
2. energy costly
_____ is a state of physical inactivity with reduced temperature and metabolic rate
Torpor
_____ is an extended period of reduced activity and metabolic rate
Hibernation
Which increases much more rapidly? Volume or Surface Area?
Volume
What is M^2?
Surface Area
What is M^3?
Volume
Energy utilized by. a population will = _____ x _____
metabolic rate x density
