Exam 3: Parasitism Mutualism Flashcards
What is symbiosis?
Symbiosis is the protracted association of 2 different species
- when 2 or more different species live together in close association
_____ is the protracted association of 2 different species
- when 2 or more different species live together in close association
Symbiosis
What is parasitism?
Parasitism is the relationship between 2 species in which one benefits and the other is harmed
_____ is the relationship between 2 species in which one benefits and the other is harmed
Parasitism
_____ are relatively large, including flatworms, roundworms, lice, ticks, fungi, rusts, flukes, etc.
Macroparasites
What are ectoparasites?
Ectoparasites are parasites that live on the outside of their hosts (e.g. lamprey)
_____ are parasites that live on the outside of their hosts (e.g. lamprey)
Ectoparasites
What are endoparasites?
Endoparasites are parasites that live and feed within the host
_____ are parasites that live and feed within the host
Endoparasites
What is the 2 types of transmission?
- Direct
2. Indirect
What is direct transmission?
Direct Transmission is when the parasite moves from host to host
_____ transmission is when the parasite moves from host to host
Direct Transmission
What is indirect transmission?
Indirect Transmission is when a parasite needs an intermediate organism to get to its final host
_____ transmission is when a parasite needs an intermediate organism to get to its final host
Indirect Transmission
What are the 2 types of hosts?
- Definitive Hosts
2. Intermediate Hosts
What are definitive hosts?
Definitive Hosts are where sexual reproduction occurs with a parasite
_____ hosts are where sexual reproduction occurs with a parasite
Definitive Hosts
What are intermediate hosts?
An Intermediate Host is a host that parasites spend part of their life cycles in, but does not reach sexual maturity
_____ hosts are a host that parasites spend part of their life cycles in, but does not reach sexual maturity
Intermediate hosts
What is the dilution effect?
The Dilution Effect is the positive association between diversity and disease resistance
What is the dilution effect?
The Dilution Effect is when susceptibility to infection differs between species
- having other species around “dilutes” the impact of a particular disease
the _____ is when susceptibility to infection differs between species
- having other species around “dilutes” the impact of a particular disease
Dilution Effect
What is commensalism?
Commensalism is when one species benefits and the other one is neutral
_____ is when one species benefits and the other one is neutral
Commensalism
What is mutualism?
Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship between both species’ benefit
_____ is a symbiotic relationship between both species’ benefit
Mutualism
_____ symbiosis is where interacting species are external to each other
Ecto Symbiosis
What are the 2 types of symbiosis?
- Endo Symbiosis
2. Ecto Symbiosis
Discuss the differences between Indirect and Direct Transmission of a parasite.
Direct Transmission occurs through direct contact, such as through bodily fluids. Indirect Transmission occurs through an inanimate object, such as a doorknob.
Use the mechanism of the dilution effect to explain why more diverse communities may be better able to limit the abundance of a parasite.
The dilution effect that’s that biodiversity - usually measured with species richness - is protective against infection with zoonotic diseases. For example, Lyme disease is transmitted through different life stages of ticks. Larva have a preference to feed when white-footed mice, which are reservoirs of Lyme disease. In a community with more diverse food choices, there is less of a chance that the larva will feed on mice but instead will feed on poorer quality reservoirs of Lyme disease. By adding more species the prevalence of nymph infection will decrease.
Describe how a parasite can affect and regulate populations of intermediate hosts.
Parasites undergo developmental changes in the intermediate hosts, causing the hosts to change behavior or phenotypic modification to make them more susceptible to predators.
What is the difference between mutualism and commensalism
Mutualism benefits both species while commensalism benefits one species without causing harm or benefits to the other.
Give an example of mutualism involving the transfer of nutrients.
Zoocanthellae (algae) and coral polyps
- coral provide shelter for algae and nutrients, algae provide coral with nutrients as food source
What is Amensalism?
Amensalism is asymmetric competition where one species benefits and the other species is harmed
- chemical interactions
_____ is asymmetric competition where one species benefits and the other species is harmed
- chemical interactions
Amensalism
Give an example of mutualism involving the transfer of nutrients.
Zooxanthellae (algae) and coral polyps
- coral provide shelter for algae and nutrients, algae provide coral with nutrients as food source
Give an example of mutualism involving reproduction.
Bees and plants through pollination
- plants provide nectar for bees, bees transfer pollen
Give an example of mutualism involving dispersal.
Seed-bearing trees and seed-consumers
- birds and rodents
Give an example of mutualism involving defense.
Ants and Acacia
- ants defend plant and plant provides shelter to ant
What is a vector?
A vector is an organism that transmits infection from one host to another
a _____ is an organism that transmits infection from one host to another
Vector
What is an Emerging Infectious Disease?
An Emerging Infectious Disease is a disease that has increased in incidence in the past 20 years
An _____ is a disease that has increase in incidence in the past 20 years
Emerging Infectious Disease
