Exam 3: Parasitism Mutualism

Question 1

What is symbiosis?

Answer 1

Symbiosis is the protracted association of 2 different species
- when 2 or more different species live together in close association

Question 2

_____ is the protracted association of 2 different species

- when 2 or more different species live together in close association

Answer 2

Symbiosis

Question 3

What is parasitism?

Answer 3

Parasitism is the relationship between 2 species in which one benefits and the other is harmed

Question 4

_____ is the relationship between 2 species in which one benefits and the other is harmed

Answer 4

Parasitism

Question 5

_____ are relatively large, including flatworms, roundworms, lice, ticks, fungi, rusts, flukes, etc.

Answer 5

Macroparasites

Question 6

What are ectoparasites?

Answer 6

Ectoparasites are parasites that live on the outside of their hosts (e.g. lamprey)

Question 7

_____ are parasites that live on the outside of their hosts (e.g. lamprey)

Answer 7

Ectoparasites

Question 8

What are endoparasites?

Answer 8

Endoparasites are parasites that live and feed within the host

Question 9

_____ are parasites that live and feed within the host

Answer 9

Endoparasites

Question 10

What is the 2 types of transmission?

Answer 10

1. Direct

2. Indirect

Question 11

What is direct transmission?

Answer 11

Direct Transmission is when the parasite moves from host to host

Question 12

_____ transmission is when the parasite moves from host to host

Answer 12

Direct Transmission

Question 13

What is indirect transmission?

Answer 13

Indirect Transmission is when a parasite needs an intermediate organism to get to its final host

Question 14

_____ transmission is when a parasite needs an intermediate organism to get to its final host

Answer 14

Indirect Transmission

Question 15

What are the 2 types of hosts?

Answer 15

1. Definitive Hosts

2. Intermediate Hosts

Question 16

What are definitive hosts?

Answer 16

Definitive Hosts are where sexual reproduction occurs with a parasite

Question 17

_____ hosts are where sexual reproduction occurs with a parasite

Answer 17

Definitive Hosts

Question 18

What are intermediate hosts?

Answer 18

An Intermediate Host is a host that parasites spend part of their life cycles in, but does not reach sexual maturity

Question 19

_____ hosts are a host that parasites spend part of their life cycles in, but does not reach sexual maturity

Answer 19

Intermediate hosts

Question 20

What is the dilution effect?

Answer 20

The Dilution Effect is the positive association between diversity and disease resistance

Question 21

What is the dilution effect?

Answer 21

The Dilution Effect is when susceptibility to infection differs between species
- having other species around “dilutes” the impact of a particular disease

Question 22

the _____ is when susceptibility to infection differs between species
- having other species around “dilutes” the impact of a particular disease

Answer 22

Dilution Effect

Question 23

What is commensalism?

Answer 23

Commensalism is when one species benefits and the other one is neutral

Question 24

_____ is when one species benefits and the other one is neutral

Answer 24

Commensalism

Question 25

What is mutualism?

Answer 25

Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship between both species' benefit

Question 26

_____ is a symbiotic relationship between both species' benefit

Answer 26

Mutualism

Question 27

_____ symbiosis is where interacting species are external to each other

Answer 27

Ecto Symbiosis

Question 28

What are the 2 types of symbiosis?

Answer 28

1. Endo Symbiosis | 2. Ecto Symbiosis

Question 29

Discuss the differences between Indirect and Direct Transmission of a parasite.

Answer 29

Direct Transmission occurs through direct contact, such as through bodily fluids. Indirect Transmission occurs through an inanimate object, such as a doorknob.

Question 30

Use the mechanism of the dilution effect to explain why more diverse communities may be better able to limit the abundance of a parasite.

Answer 30

The dilution effect that's that biodiversity - usually measured with species richness - is protective against infection with zoonotic diseases. For example, Lyme disease is transmitted through different life stages of ticks. Larva have a preference to feed when white-footed mice, which are reservoirs of Lyme disease. In a community with more diverse food choices, there is less of a chance that the larva will feed on mice but instead will feed on poorer quality reservoirs of Lyme disease. By adding more species the prevalence of nymph infection will decrease.

Question 31

Describe how a parasite can affect and regulate populations of intermediate hosts.

Answer 31

Parasites undergo developmental changes in the intermediate hosts, causing the hosts to change behavior or phenotypic modification to make them more susceptible to predators.

Question 32

What is the difference between mutualism and commensalism

Answer 32

Mutualism benefits both species while commensalism benefits one species without causing harm or benefits to the other.

Question 33

Give an example of mutualism involving the transfer of nutrients.

Answer 33

Zoocanthellae (algae) and coral polyps | - coral provide shelter for algae and nutrients, algae provide coral with nutrients as food source

Question 34

What is Amensalism?

Answer 34

Amensalism is asymmetric competition where one species benefits and the other species is harmed - chemical interactions

Question 35

_____ is asymmetric competition where one species benefits and the other species is harmed - chemical interactions

Answer 35

Amensalism

Question 36

Give an example of mutualism involving the transfer of nutrients.

Answer 36

Zooxanthellae (algae) and coral polyps | - coral provide shelter for algae and nutrients, algae provide coral with nutrients as food source

Question 37

Give an example of mutualism involving reproduction.

Answer 37

Bees and plants through pollination | - plants provide nectar for bees, bees transfer pollen

Question 38

Give an example of mutualism involving dispersal.

Answer 38

Seed-bearing trees and seed-consumers | - birds and rodents

Question 39

Give an example of mutualism involving defense.

Answer 39

Ants and Acacia | - ants defend plant and plant provides shelter to ant

Question 40

What is a vector?

Answer 40

A vector is an organism that transmits infection from one host to another

Question 41

a _____ is an organism that transmits infection from one host to another

Answer 41

Vector

Question 42

What is an Emerging Infectious Disease?

Answer 42

An Emerging Infectious Disease is a disease that has increased in incidence in the past 20 years

Question 43

An _____ is a disease that has increase in incidence in the past 20 years

Answer 43

Emerging Infectious Disease