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Ecology > Exam 3: Parasitism Mutualism > Flashcards

Exam 3: Parasitism Mutualism Flashcards

1
Q

What is symbiosis?

A

Symbiosis is the protracted association of 2 different species
- when 2 or more different species live together in close association

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2
Q

_____ is the protracted association of 2 different species

- when 2 or more different species live together in close association

A

Symbiosis

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3
Q

What is parasitism?

A

Parasitism is the relationship between 2 species in which one benefits and the other is harmed

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4
Q

_____ is the relationship between 2 species in which one benefits and the other is harmed

A

Parasitism

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5
Q

_____ are relatively large, including flatworms, roundworms, lice, ticks, fungi, rusts, flukes, etc.

A

Macroparasites

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6
Q

What are ectoparasites?

A

Ectoparasites are parasites that live on the outside of their hosts (e.g. lamprey)

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7
Q

_____ are parasites that live on the outside of their hosts (e.g. lamprey)

A

Ectoparasites

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8
Q

What are endoparasites?

A

Endoparasites are parasites that live and feed within the host

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9
Q

_____ are parasites that live and feed within the host

A

Endoparasites

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10
Q

What is the 2 types of transmission?

A
  1. Direct

2. Indirect

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11
Q

What is direct transmission?

A

Direct Transmission is when the parasite moves from host to host

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12
Q

_____ transmission is when the parasite moves from host to host

A

Direct Transmission

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13
Q

What is indirect transmission?

A

Indirect Transmission is when a parasite needs an intermediate organism to get to its final host

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14
Q

_____ transmission is when a parasite needs an intermediate organism to get to its final host

A

Indirect Transmission

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15
Q

What are the 2 types of hosts?

A
  1. Definitive Hosts

2. Intermediate Hosts

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16
Q

What are definitive hosts?

A

Definitive Hosts are where sexual reproduction occurs with a parasite

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17
Q

_____ hosts are where sexual reproduction occurs with a parasite

A

Definitive Hosts

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18
Q

What are intermediate hosts?

A

An Intermediate Host is a host that parasites spend part of their life cycles in, but does not reach sexual maturity

19
Q

_____ hosts are a host that parasites spend part of their life cycles in, but does not reach sexual maturity

A

Intermediate hosts

20
Q

What is the dilution effect?

A

The Dilution Effect is the positive association between diversity and disease resistance

21
Q

What is the dilution effect?

A

The Dilution Effect is when susceptibility to infection differs between species
- having other species around “dilutes” the impact of a particular disease

22
Q

the _____ is when susceptibility to infection differs between species
- having other species around “dilutes” the impact of a particular disease

A

Dilution Effect

23
Q

What is commensalism?

A

Commensalism is when one species benefits and the other one is neutral

24
Q

_____ is when one species benefits and the other one is neutral

A

Commensalism

25
Q

What is mutualism?

A

Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship between both species’ benefit

26
Q

_____ is a symbiotic relationship between both species’ benefit

A

Mutualism

27
Q

_____ symbiosis is where interacting species are external to each other

A

Ecto Symbiosis

28
Q

What are the 2 types of symbiosis?

A
  1. Endo Symbiosis

2. Ecto Symbiosis

29
Q

Discuss the differences between Indirect and Direct Transmission of a parasite.

A

Direct Transmission occurs through direct contact, such as through bodily fluids. Indirect Transmission occurs through an inanimate object, such as a doorknob.

30
Q

Use the mechanism of the dilution effect to explain why more diverse communities may be better able to limit the abundance of a parasite.

A

The dilution effect that’s that biodiversity - usually measured with species richness - is protective against infection with zoonotic diseases. For example, Lyme disease is transmitted through different life stages of ticks. Larva have a preference to feed when white-footed mice, which are reservoirs of Lyme disease. In a community with more diverse food choices, there is less of a chance that the larva will feed on mice but instead will feed on poorer quality reservoirs of Lyme disease. By adding more species the prevalence of nymph infection will decrease.

31
Q

Describe how a parasite can affect and regulate populations of intermediate hosts.

A

Parasites undergo developmental changes in the intermediate hosts, causing the hosts to change behavior or phenotypic modification to make them more susceptible to predators.

32
Q

What is the difference between mutualism and commensalism

A

Mutualism benefits both species while commensalism benefits one species without causing harm or benefits to the other.

33
Q

Give an example of mutualism involving the transfer of nutrients.

A

Zoocanthellae (algae) and coral polyps

- coral provide shelter for algae and nutrients, algae provide coral with nutrients as food source

34
Q

What is Amensalism?

A

Amensalism is asymmetric competition where one species benefits and the other species is harmed
- chemical interactions

35
Q

_____ is asymmetric competition where one species benefits and the other species is harmed
- chemical interactions

A

Amensalism

36
Q

Give an example of mutualism involving the transfer of nutrients.

A

Zooxanthellae (algae) and coral polyps

- coral provide shelter for algae and nutrients, algae provide coral with nutrients as food source

37
Q

Give an example of mutualism involving reproduction.

A

Bees and plants through pollination

- plants provide nectar for bees, bees transfer pollen

38
Q

Give an example of mutualism involving dispersal.

A

Seed-bearing trees and seed-consumers

- birds and rodents

39
Q

Give an example of mutualism involving defense.

A

Ants and Acacia

- ants defend plant and plant provides shelter to ant

40
Q

What is a vector?

A

A vector is an organism that transmits infection from one host to another

41
Q

a _____ is an organism that transmits infection from one host to another

A

Vector

42
Q

What is an Emerging Infectious Disease?

A

An Emerging Infectious Disease is a disease that has increased in incidence in the past 20 years

43
Q

An _____ is a disease that has increase in incidence in the past 20 years

A

Emerging Infectious Disease

Ecology (9 decks)

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