Life History Patterns Flashcards
_____ Reproduction is the fusion of gametes
- 50% DNA
Sexual Reproduction
_____ Reproduction is reproduction without fertilization
- includes budding, dividing, and fission
- 100% DNA
Asexual Reproduction
_____ is a form of asexual reproduction in which the ovum develops without fertilization by a male
ex: aphids
Parthenogenesis
_____ Tradeoff is when there’s genetic diversity with slow growth of population
Sexual Tradeoff
_____ Tradeoff is when the offspring are genetically identical to the parent, there’s no genetic diversity and rapid growth of a population
Asexual Tradeoff
_____ is when the female steals sperm from males to use for energy or to stimulate parthenogenesis, but not fertilization
Kleptogenesis
the _____ produces pollen on a plant
Stamen
the _____ produces the ovule on a plant
Pistil
_____ is when theres male and female parts on separate plants
Dioecious
_____ is when theres male and female flowers on the same plant
Monoecious
a _____ has male and female parts on the same flower
Perfect Flower
the _____ is at the base of the pistil
Ovary
the _____ is part of the pistil where pollen lands
Stigma
the _____ is the elongated area between the ovule and the stigma
Style
_____ is where pollen competes in the style to be the first to the ovule for fertilization
Pollen Competition
a _____ is an organism with both female and male reproductive organs
Hermaphrodite
a _____ Hermaphrodite is an organism that simultaneously has male and female organs at the same time
Simultaneous Hermaphrodite
a _____ Hermaphrodite is an organism that changes sex over time
Sequential Hermaphrodite
a _____ Hermaphrodite is a type of Sequential Hermaphrodite that is a female first
Protogynous Hermaphrodite
a _____ Hermaphrodite is a type of Sequential Hermaphrodite that is a male first
Protandrous Hermaphrodite
_____ is a lasting pair bond between one male and one female
Monogamy
_____ is 2 or more mates by one individual
Polygamy
_____ is a form of Polygamy where the male pairs with 2 or more females
Polygyny
_____ is a form of Polygamy where the female pairs with 2 or more males
Polyandry
_____ are when males and female mate without forming pair bonds; no lasting pair bonds with a lot of mates
Promiscuity
_____ seek copulation with an individual outside the pair bond
Extra Pair Copulations
_____ is systematic differences in form between individuals of different sex in the same species
Sexual Dimorphism
_____ Selection is sexual selection based on competition within one sex for opportunity to mate
Intrasexual Selection
_____ Selection is differential attractiveness of individuals with one sex to the other
- mate choice
Intersexual Selection
_____ is competition among sperm from more than one male to fertilize the eggs of one female
Sperm Competition
_____ is the use of physical or chemical mechanisms by a female to select which sperm will fertilize her eggs
Cryptic Female Choice
_____ is behaviors to prevent reproductive opportunities or access to another mate
Mate Guarding
_____ are a communal where 2 or more males perform courtship display
Leks
_____ is less predation by satiating predators and birth for times when resources are available
Synchronize Breeding
_____ is having a single reproductive effort over a lifetime
Semelparity
_____ is having multiple reproductive efforts over a lifetime
Iteroparity
_____ includes competition, stress tolerance and ruder colonization ability
Grimes Three Way Tradeoff
Grimes Three Way Tradeoff is what 3 things?
- Competition
- Stress Tolerance
- Ruderal Colonization Ability
_____ plants are semelparous
Annual Plants
_____ plants are semelparous but live for two years
Biennial Plants
_____ plantar iteroparous
Perennials
_____ is a lifetime pattern of growth, development and reproduction
Life History
_____ is the ability to reproduce
Fecundity
_____ are short lived with high reproductive rates at low population densities, rapid development, small body size, large number of offspring with low survival and minimal parental care
R-Strategists
What are the 6 characteristics of R-Strategists?
- High reproductive rates at low population densities
- Rapid development
- small body size
- Large number of offspring with low survival
- Minimal parental care
- Short lived
the _____ is a mathematical expression for the population growth curve in which rate of increase decreases linearly as population size increases
Logistic Growth Equation
What is the Logistic Growth Equation?
dN/dt = rN (K-N)/(K)
_____ is how females make decisions about resources versus parental care
Polygyny Threshold Model
What are the _____ steps of Polygyny Threshold Model
- Males arrive first and settle
- Females arrive sequentially
- 1st female goes to the best territory
- 2nd female goes to the next best and so on
the point where it pays to go to an already occupied territory even if the male will not help with the offspring is the _____ in a Polygyny Threshold Model
Polygyny Threshold
In a Polygyny Threshold Model what influences the number of females?
The male territory quality
_____ are good competitors with a slow growth rate, stable populations, long-lived individuals, small number of offspring and parental care
K-Strategists
What are the 6 characteristics of a K-Strategist?
- Good competitor
- Slow growth rate
- Stable population
- Long-lived individuals
- Small number of offspring
- Parental care
the ____ is when frequent disturbance still favors highly fecund, short-lived species when stress is low
- low disturbances favor long-lived species when stress is low
Grime’s Life History Theory
_____ is cross fertilization in which pollen from one individual fertilizes the ovum of another
Outcrossing
a _____ is the pattern of mating between males and females in a population
Mating System
_____ are young that are able to move about and forage for themselves shortly after birth
Precicual
_____ are young that are born or hatched in a helpless condition and require considerable parental care
Altricial
_____ is the total energetic costs of reproduction per unit time
Reproductive Effort
_____ are males that look like females
Sneaker Males