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Ecology > Exam 3 Practice Questions > Flashcards

Exam 3 Practice Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Random effects on population size due to random fluctuations in environmental conditions

a. are demographic stochasticity
b. are environmental stochasticity
c. are incorporated into life tables
d. lead to extinction

A

B

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2
Q

A survival rate that does not change with age will produce a…

a. Type I survivorship curve
b. Type II survivorship curve
c. Type III survivorship curve
d. Type IV survivorship curve

A

B

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3
Q

A population reaches a stable-age distribution when the…

a. population stops growing
b. birthrate is less than the death rate
c. net reproductive rate (R0) is zero
d. proportion of individuals in each age group remains the same

A

D

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4
Q

A time-specific life table is constructed by sampling the…

a. fate of a group of individuals born at a given time from birth to death
b. fate of a group of individuals born over several time periods from birth to death
c. population to obtain a distribution of individuals in each age class during a single time period
d. population to obtain a distribution of individuals in each age class during multiple time periods

A

C

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5
Q

_____ competition occurrences leads to clear winners and losers while _____ competition causes resources to be partitioned equally among competitors.

a. Intraspecific; Interspecific
b. Contest; Intraguild
c. Contest; Scramble
d. Exploitation; Contest

A

C

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6
Q

_____ can affect carrying capacity.

a. The intrinsic rate of increase
b. Density independent factors
c. Intrinsic rate of increase and density independent factors
d. None of the above

A

B

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7
Q

In a population, simultaneous decreases in plant density and increases in individual plant mass…

a. can lead to constant yield
b. can occur due to infraspecific competition for space
c. can occur due to density dependence
d. all of the above

A

D

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8
Q

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?

a. density dependent dispersal explains why we can save earth by sending half of the world’s population to the moon
b. when a population is at carrying capacity, dispersal has little effect on population densities
d. a population in a stable age distribution can still increase in abundance

A

A

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9
Q

The slowest rates of population growth occurs at…

a. half of carrying capacity
b. low population sizes and carrying capacity
c. the equator
d. high latitudes

A

B

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10
Q

Which of the following statements was not supported in the mouse utopia study on population density and stress?

a. hormonal changes due to stress can stimulate growth and increase the rate of reproduction and lead to stable populations
b. stress increases as population density increases
c. populations can go extinct even when food is not limiting
d. stress can change the social organization of populations (e.g., parental care)

A

A

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11
Q

Logistic growth…

a. incorporates carrying capacity
b. incorporates infraspecific competition
c. suggests that growth is close to exponential at low population sizes
d. all of the above
e. none of the above

A

D

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12
Q

Some people have purposefully acquired hookworms in an attempt to reduce allergies and asthma.

a. TRUE
b. FALSE

A

A

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13
Q

A normalized ecological performance is…

a. how a species interacts under typical conditions
b. the difference between fundamental and realized niches
c. a measure of a species biomass production divided by the maximum production in a community
d. stable oscillation

A

C

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14
Q

The lack of competition observed for different species of finches on the Galapagos is an example of…

a. “The ghost of competition past”
b. “the world is green”
c. zonation
d. the red queen hypothesis

A

A

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15
Q

Hyenas and vultures fighting over a killed prey is an example of _____ competition.

a. indirect
b. encounter
c. chemical
d. territorial

A

B

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16
Q

The fundamental niche is…

a. a subset of the realized niche
d. determined by competition
c. where a species could persist in the absence of competitors
d. where a plant can maintain positive carbon balance

A

C

17
Q

Zonation occurs in salt marshes because the plants lower border (nearest to the water) is set by _____ and its upper border is set by _____.

a. mutualism; predation (herbivory)
b. predation (herbivory); symbioses
c. competition; tolerance to stress
d. tolerance to stress; competition
e. predation (herbivory); competition

A

D

18
Q

The paradox of the plankton…

a. is based on the discrepancy between the competitive exclusion principle and observations of diverse natural systems
b. suggests that multiple resources will only promote coexistence if different species dominate competition for different resources
c. is predicted from Lotka-Volterra competition
d. suggest that “the world is green” hypothesis hold true for many ecosystems
e. was solved by Sherlock Holmes

A

A

19
Q

When different bird species forage in different parts of the same tree, it is an example of…

a. a mutualism
b. resource partitioning
c. temporal environmental variability
d. the red queen hypothesis

A

B

20
Q

The competitive exclusion principle assumes all of the following EXCEPT…

a. resources do not vary in space or time
b. the fundamental niches of two species overlap
c. the species with the highest intrinsic rate of increase excludes all other species
d. non resource factors such as temperature do not influence the outcome of competition

A

C

21
Q

Which of the following statements is TRUE…

a. a predators functional response is always linear while its numerical response may asymptote
b. a type III numerical response suggests a linear relationship between prey consumed and prey density
c. the per capita intake of prey depends on a predators functional response
d. the per capita intake of prey depends on a predators numerical response

A

C

22
Q

Intraguild predation…

a. is a commensalism
b. generates oscillations between predators and prey
c. occurs when predators share prey, and one predator also consumes the other predator
d. all of the above

A

C

23
Q

Which of the following is an assumption of Lotka-Volterra’s predator-prey model discussed in class?

a. prey would grow to infinity without predators
b. prey are regulated by intraspecific competition
c. predators compete interspecifically
d. prey will decrease linearly in the absence of predation

A

A

24
Q

According to the marginal value theorem, the cumulative energy gain that a predator obtains from a patch is determined by…

a. prey size and predator preferences
b. patch quality and the time spent traveling to the patch
c. time spent traveling to the patch and prey size
d. direct and indirect effects

A

B

25
Q

A predator switches its consumption from one prey species to a more abundant prey species. This is an example of…

a. Lotka Volterra predation model
b. Type I functional response
c. Type II functional response
d. Type III functional response

A

D

26
Q

In the basic Lotka-Volterra equations that describe predator-prey interactions, the growth rate of the predator population (dNpredator/dt) is zero when the density of prey (Nprey) is equal to…

a. d/bc
b. bc/r
c. r/c
d. c/r

A

A

27
Q

Neutral oscillations…

a. suggest that the amplitude of oscillations of predator and prey abundances through time does not change
b. suggest that a type III functional response occurs
c. predict that one competition will go extinct
d. describe Switzerland’s influence on the European union

A

A

28
Q

Secondary chemical compounds…

a. can deter herbivores
b. are made after primary metabolites
c. can affect zonation
d. all of the above

A

A

29
Q

In “the world is green” model…

a. plants are affected by direct and indirect effects
b. plants are abundant due to competition among herbivores
c. plants initially increase as nutrient increase, but become limited by stress
d. none of the above

A

A

30
Q

In the mutualism example discussed in class, crabs benefitted corals by _____ and corals benefitted crabs by _____

a. providing protection from butterfly fish; providing nutrients
b. removing epibiota (algae); providing habitat that decreased predation
c. removing parasites: increasing prey availability
d. dispersing juvenile corals; increasing the oxygen availability

A

B

31
Q

Plant parasites that are not photosynthetic are referred to as:

a. mycorrhizae
b. holoparasites
c. endoparasites
d. hemiparasites
e. none of the above; plants are always photosynthetic

A

B

32
Q

The dilution effect…

a. predicts that pathogens spread less rapidly in diverse systems
b. predicts that energy flows less rapidly in diverse food webs
c. predicts that tick abundance increases near the equator
d. depends on competition between pathogens

A

A

33
Q

Ants that inhabit domatia of Acacia trees…

a. protect the trees
b. parasitize the trees
c. do not affect the trees
d. ants do not inhabit domatia

A

A

Ecology (9 decks)

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