places and spaces Flashcards
what is a place? x2
all places are connected
all places are different
what is in a place? x4
people are at the heart of places
settlement patterns
transport routes
individual buildings
how is a place defined?
Places are defined by a combination of characteristics which change over time
what characteristics make up the identity of a place?
physical geography
demography
socio-economic
cultural
political
built environment
examples of each characteristic that make up a place.
physical geography- altitude, slope angle, aspect, geology
demography- population, age of population, gender, ethnicity
socio-economic - employment, income, education, status
cultural - religion, clubs and societies
built environment - age and style of buildings, density of houses
definition of knowledge economy
jobs that require a higher level of eduction and gather, store and analyse knowledge
definition of time-space compression
a set of processes leading to a shrinking world caused by reduction in relative distance between places
name 5 characteristics that influence peoples perception of place
age
gender
sexuality
religion
role
how do these different characteristics affect peoples perception of place
AGE- changes as people go through life cycle
postive perceptions may turn negative
GENDER- places are divided reflective of the way society view man and womens roles eg society was built around men, and question of womens saftey
SEXUALITY- acceptance of different sexual orientations becomes more widespread
some places acquire the meaning because theyre lgbt groups such as gay village in manchester
RELIGION - certain features in landscape mean some places are sacrid to certain groups, stonehenge, jerusalem
ROLE- different responsibilities you have through life cycle affect perception
describe emotional attachment to a place
highly personal and selective
could be a social memory which is effected by feelings that are social and are recieved as part of a group eg protest or terrorist attack
define diaspora
the spread of an ethnic or national groups who have left their homeland
describe a group of diaspora
the kurds
all the same nationality (Kurdish)
don’t have their own state
28-30 million kurds
Kurdistan lies across turkey, iran, iraq, syria and a further 2-3 mil live as diaspora in eg Germany
emotionally attatched to the land, after they were forced to abandon their traditions afert break up of Ottoman Empire
define globalisation
globalisation is the increasing inter-connectedness and interdependence of the world, economically, socially, politically, and culturally
what is a global village
a saying to convey the idea that the world has become smaller, and there is more interconnectedness
what is informal representation of places
tv, films, literature, music
what is formal representation of places
large quantaties of data collected, which is valuable to representing places
eg. census, map,
define inequality
resources, wealth, and oppurtunities are not evenly spread
define spatial inequality
the unequal distribution of factors at any scale
eg- North vs South England
define quality of life
the extent to which needs and desires are met
define standard of living
ability to access services and goods including basics such as food and water
name 10 characteristics determining standard of living and quality of life
quality of housing
level of pollution
access to leisure services
access to employment
level of income
percentage on state benefits
percentage of free state meals
incidence of crime
standards of educations
percentage of lone pensioners
what is the poverty cycle/spiral of decline/negative cumilative causation
poverty->poor living conditions->ill health->poor education-> poor occupational skills-> poverty
what is an LSOA?
lower layer super output area
small designed to be of a similar population size. Approximatley 1500 residents or 650 household. There are 32,844 LSOAs
which 7 factors are combined to get an index number
crime
employment
health
living environment
income
education
barriers to housing and services.
what are the characteristics of a boom?
economy always dynamic and changing
more opportunities
improved economic health of a place
increase in profit
new technology
business growth
happens every 50 years according to Kondratieff
not evenly spread, core areas benefit more than peripheral areas
what are the characteristics of a recession?
less opportunities
worse economic health
stagnation
decrease in profit
plateau of profit
decrease in GDP
decrease in household income
decrease in investments
increase in unemployment and bankruptcies
who are key economic players?
individuals, groups, people or organisations who can influence or be influenced by the process of change
who are public players?
include governments- EU, local and national
what is the EU?
Trans-national government that can influence economic change via grants for infrastructure development
how is national government and economic player?
has departments and agencies responsible for strategic planning such as education and training and major transport links
how is local government an economic player?
has simalar responsibilities to national government- carries out planning and implementation at the local scale. Tries to stimulate economic growth, sustain existing employment, create new jobs, and improve the environment
how are private players an economic player?
wide range of different people and organisation
business players can be self-employed or TNCs - maintain to generate money out of their investment
how are TNCs an economic player?
Trans-National Corporation
involved in international production of goods/services
how are local communities economic players?
concerned about immediate area
interested in economic change eg. employment and social issues and environmental issues
how does the government use TAXATION to reduce social inequality?
income tax is used by Government to re-distribute wealth from richer to poorer groups, creating a fairer society
how does the government use SUBSIDIES to reduce social inequality?
governments give subsidies to poorer groups
benefits outside London= £384.64 for a couple or parent with child
eg. free school meals, help with uni fees
how does the government use PLANNING to reduce social inequality?
government charities and housing agencies give priority to upgrading housing and services in the poorest areas. Organised geographically + targeted at most deprived areas
how does the government use LAW to reduce social inequality?
legislation exists which outlaws discrimination to give equal opportunities s
to all groups. The poorest groups of workers are protected by minimum wage legislation
how does the government use EDUCATION to reduce social inequality?
governments often provide funding for training and upgrading skills in order to raise skill levels and qualifications to improve employment prospects and boost economic growth. Education programmes to improve personal health, targeted at poor
how does the government use PENSIONS to reduce social inequality?
£185.15 per week
some of the poorest members of society rely on state pension although some are entitled to benefits. Many live in inner cities - high levels of multiple deprivation in these areas. wealthy people have occupational pensions which provide additional income to state pensions
how does the government use HEALTHCARE to reduce social inequality?
in ACs - provided by a combination of government and private organisations eg NHS , paid for through taxes. Aren’t evenly distributed - inner cities and remote urban areas are short of GPs and healthcare workers
language and cultural barriers prevent healthcare eg immunizations
how does the government use RURAL SERVICES to reduce social inequality?
services are mainly concentrated in large villages and towns
better mobility and time space compression means that people are less reliant on key setllements as they can access a range of destinations in and around urban settlements
availability of home delivery
what is placemaking?
multi-faceted approach to planning, designing and managing public spaces
capitalises on a local community
intention of creating public spaces that promote health happiness and well being
political due to the nature of place identity - want positive connotations
process and a philosophy
key players
GIS
Geographical information system
use satelites and technology to find sites to build new houses on
60%-80% all date now includes a locational component
more people and governments are using geography as a part of their work
key players
GOV
national representatives - King
government on all scales involved
use GIS
British council promotes educational and cultural links abroad
work with TNC
key players
FDI
foreign direct investment
increased since 1980 but with flows and ebbs depending on health of global, regional and national economies
most FDI flows of capital are from TND headquarters
24 hour city
can be found around the world with many EDCs and LIDCs such as Cairo and Mumbai
large urban places can be transformed into different places depending on the time of day
London - night bus routes doubled between 1999-2013 and passenger numbers have tripled + since 2015 - 5 underground lines operating
growth around clock activity due to population growth in 1980s
Trend replicated in other cities such as Berlin, Madrid and New York
local community place making
residents association
heritage association
digital placemaking - social media
digital placemaking
increasingly playing a role in the evolution of places
social media is more integrated in the lives of people
encouraged in public participation and collaboration in processes such as planning and decision making about land use in local neighbourhood
role of architects and planners
CABE (commission for architecture and built environment)
Local Authority Planning departments
what is a places brand?
popular image and perception of the place
includes location and atmosphere…
what is place rebranding?
changes a place through regeneration and giving a place a new image
done to attract investment from customers through investment from private and public
what are the three key elements of rebranding?
brand artefact
brandy essence
brand scape
brand artefact
physical environment, built environment
brand essence
experience of the people
brand scape
how the place positions itself in relation to other competitor places
market led gentrification
involves private investors aiming to make a profit
typically improves property developers, builders and business owners, for example, those running restaurants, wine bars or retailing
top down rebranding
involves a large scale organisations such as local authorities, development industries and private investors such as an insurance and pension fund agencies
eg former dockland areas such as Salford Quays, Manchester
flagship development
large scale, one off property projects with distinctive architecture
act as a catalust to attract further development and regeneration
eg Millenium Stadium, Cardiff
legacy rebranding
following international sporting events which brought investment and regeneration to a place
London Olympics. 2012
events rebranding
major festivals such as those associated with the European capital of culture, Liverpool, 2008
Acts as a catalyst for cultural development and transformation of the city
beneficial socio-economic development now considered in choosing hosting cities
eg development of favelas before Rio Olympics 2016
role is architecture in rebranding
nearly always plays a role and can be used to reinforce a particular heritage look or to promote the place as modern or forward looking
can change the way people use the place- changing its image
eg Convent Garden - re-used existing buildings
role of heritage in rebranding
nearly always plays a role can revitalise a place
Eg Wessex Tourist Board has rebranded Dorset and Somerset
role of retail in rebranding
growth in importance of consumer spending, rebranding can be aided by retail development
eg Flagship Selfridges store has become iconic
role of art in rebranding
sense of place created through art galleries and art events
Eg Edinburgh fringe
role of sport in rebranding
major international sporting events
eg Olympics
can be a catalyst that kickstarts rebranding
role of food in rebranding
developing a reputation of high quality foods helps with rebranding
eg Ludlow, small town called ‘food town’
gov role in rebranding
directly funded organisations
eg tourist boards and planning departments
EU role in rebranding
Regional Development Fund give grants to assist places that fall below average income levels found in EU
eg improvements to the A55 has rebranded rural area, developing its tourist industry and helping offset social and economic decline
corporate bodies role in rebranding
banks, insurance companies, pension funds and development companies
helps fund rebranding and help carrying out physical development
eg investing in large malls to generate long term regular flows of income for pension providers
not for profit organisation role in rebranding
charities
bodies responsible for the Arts, the National Trust and local community groups such as residents associations are involved in rebranding, sometimes invoking change but also being affected by it
gentrification
rebranding brings about socio-economic change
wealthier people move in - more disposable income - types of services availble change
eg corner shops and are replaced by delicatessens
how does rebranding favour different groups?
some players/ stakeholders benefit from rebranding more than others
eg in Liverpool a large shopping centre was developed and many locals felt that regeneration wouldn’t benefit them - more sustainable to entrepeuners and those living in the suburbs
differing priorities in rebranding
development agencies want profit, local residents want good quality of life
eg Liverpool used foreign labour instead of locals. Locals were asked what they wanted and their requests were ignored as they were focused on profit
