migration Flashcards
how has globalisation affected migration?
an increasing number of countries and their economies have become more interdependent. Major bilateral corridors and traditional migration partnerships have remained strong and new destinations for migrants have emerged, as the effect of globalisation
how has inter regional highly skilled workers affected migration?
workers from China, Brazil, India including graduates and those in professional and business services attracted by high salaries and high quality of life.
how has low skilled workers affected migration?
migration of unskilled workers from India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Egypt and the Phillipeans to oil producing gulf states, and saudi arabia attracted by demand for labour, relatively high wages, ease of returning foreign remittances, accomodation, and transport
how has intra-regional migration between the ASEAN become more complex?
rapid increase of international migrant stock among ASEAN member states. Fast growing economies of Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand are main destinations, Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia are main sources, Migrants are low skilled and undocumented, seeking employment via cyclical migration to countries of higher socio-economic development.
how has migration in south america become more complex?
increased migration streams within south america, especially to the southern cone of Argentina, Chile, Paraguay and Uraguay. The main drivers are the disparities in wages and labour opportunities. Regional intergration has also eased immigration through the free movement of labour
how has return migration become more complex?
it is responsible for a high proportion of migrant flows within the EU. This includes young workers having achieved their pre-planned economic goals after 3 years - often taking low-skilled jobs abroad before returning to more prestigious positions in their home country.
what are the reasons for the growth in female migrants?
-women having access to more education
-greater independence
-status
-freedom
-increasing importance as main income earners
how much has the amount of female migrants increased by?
80%
what are the reasons for increased south-south migration.
-mainly labour migration (2/3 of remittances are from south-south countries)
-incresed refugees- people are fleeing persecution, and want to escape quickly, instead of getting to an economically prosperous country
-hard to migrate from south-north due to restrictive barriers
-fast growing economies in the south offer employment opportunities
-improved communications and social and business networks in the South, mean growing awareness of opportunities
-cheaper to move to a closer country in the south rather than a richer country in the north
-more likely the share langauge, culture, food…
how many south-south migrants were there in 2013?
82.3 million
push factors causing people to leave Libya?
poor living conditions
conflict eg Civil War in Libya
more weapons in Libya than any other country
politically insecure after dictator Al-Gadaffi was killed
people may leave to support and save their families
unemployment at all time low
lost families
intervening obstacles on journey for Libyan migrants
crossing Meditteranean sea - 3000 die/week
risk of capsising has left only 18/120 survivors
cross 1000 miles of Sahara desert - 45 degrees in day and cold at night
90% of migrants have witnessed death
kidnapped
journey costs $5000
held in detention centres with awful conditions
intervening opportunities for Libyan migrants
Sabha is a Libyan town that has become an entrepot as alot of industry has developed here
migrants may see opportunity and set up businesses and bring their families here
may pass a destination with employment
push factors towards country of destination for libyan migrants
gives opportunity to start another life
avoid risk of persecution and war
access secure employment, education and healthcare
they also may experience more political stability, fleeing Gadiffi’s dictatorship
population change equation
(births - deaths) + migrants
what were the main reasons for the 5.1 million people in the UK living abroad?
employment opportunities
retirement
family reunification
schengen agreement
agreement that allows the freedom of movement within most of the EU across its internal national borders
impact of EU expansion on migration
more countries are joining the EU Eg Poland, Slovakia…
increasing potential number of intra regional migrants
these countries have a high proportion of population seeking employment
Myrdals Model of Circular and Cumulative Causation Model
over time, economic forces increase regional inequalities rather than reduce them
larger gap between rich and poor causing more migration
Freidmanns core periphery model
describes how economic political and cultural authority is spread out in core and periphery regions, leading to migration from the periphery to the core
why do poor countries not always receive lots in remittances?
affected by restrictive immigration policies of developed countries
migrants have to pay cost of travel and payments to traffickers
how much in remittances does the Phillipeans receive from the USA?
$20 billion/year
Financial Literacy Programmes
programmes set up to help women understand bills and investment while husbands are working abroad
creates multiplier effect
how does migration help promote stability?
migrant remittances help contribute to economic stability of recipient country
returning migrants have acquired new ideas and values and can contribute to peacebuilding and conflict resolution
youthful migrants working population contribute to a more balanced age structure and population growth
how does migration help promote economic growth?
the GDP and tax base of host nation can be boosted by working migrants
migrants are consumers and can stimulate local economies in host country and open new markets such as cultural food
migrants can fill skill gaps and shortages in labour market of host countries on a local and national scale
migrant remittances can supplement household income, stimulate consumption, provide funds for local investment and stimulate local multiplier effects in country of origin
how does migration help promote development?
skills and knowledge acquired by returning migrants can be of benefit to countries of origin
migrants can create networks which ease flows of skills, financial resources, values and ideas through their links to diaspora associations
UN migration and development projects between partner countries are involving families, local authorities and public and private service providers in effective bottom up approaches to development
how does migration create inequalities?
countries if origin lose a proportion of young and fit workforce - may cause downward spiral at local and national scales
better educated people migrate, resulting in a brain drain
demographic selectiveness of international migration causes redistribution of population of reproductive rates, influences birthrates in country of origin
migrant remittances create inequality between the families who get them and the families who dont
how does migration create conflicts?
social conflict can develop between host communities and newcomers
people of a different ethnic origin may struggle to integrate into a new community perhaps due to language
immigrant populations, especially if concentrated in a particular area, place pressure on service provision
international borders can be areas of conflict for border control authorities, traffickers and illegal migrants
how does migration create injustice?
migrants are vulnerable to violation of their human rights as a result of forced labour, exploitation of women, children and human trafficking
treatment of asylum seekers can include being held in detention centres, not being allowed to work and being supported on meagre financial resources for food sanitation and clothing for the duration of the application
plight of refugees in terms of food and shelter, water, medicines, safety, including possibility of return to country of origin - risks are high
what is immigration like in Slough?
44% of population are immigrants
only 38% of population are white British
what pressures has immigration created in Slough?
doubled the numbers of children ins chool since 2004 - many of which can’t speak basic English - pressures of training staff and opening more schools
public services are at a breaking point
serious housing shortages
tensions with police
immigration in the ivory coast
high levels of intra regional migration in West Africa
Burkina Faso in LIDC GDP $684
Borders Ivory Coast GDP $1529
560,000 Ivorians living in Burkina Faso escaping conflict
1.4 million born in Burkina-Faso living in Ivory Coast
why is there immigration between the ivory coast and burkina faso?
employment opportunities and higher wages available in Ivory Coasts cocoa and coffee plantations - income disparity
opportunities for migrants farmers in more fertile lands of the Ivory Coast
Former french colonial administration in both countries has led to shared language, currency and cultural system - easier to travel between the two
Myanmar to Thailand migration
Largest ASEAN migrant corridor - 1.9 million migrants
Thailand is Asia’s fastest growing economy - people attracted from Myanmar for economic reasons
Thailand has introduced a legal minimum wage of 300 baht - 10x more than in Myanmar
Thailand has labour shortages in agriculture, fishing, manufacturing and domestic services
people flee Myanmar due to forced labour used in economic reforms
immigration in Syria
2015, became the largest source of refugees due to Civil war
Civil war has caused internal displacement of 7.6 million people
Turkey and Lebanon are biggest recipients
Lebanon had to introduce requirement of VISA as overwhelmed
what are the reasons for the increase in number of refugees?
effects of conflict
political persecution
economic hardship - forced labour
impact of natural hazards
points system
new immigration policy
satisfies labour shortages in particular sectors
used by ACs such as UK, Canada
ensures that national migration meets counties economic social and political needs
International Labour Organisation
radification of ILO and UN conventions regarding rights of workers and protection of basic human rights
positive steps to encourage female participation in overseas employment - currently only 0.12%
support for social networks and associations abroad
enhancement of the impact of economic remittances and skills of retuning migrants for development
impact of ILO in Pakistan
promote Pakistani manpower abroad
support Pakistani dispora
establish of training institutions to help Pakistani youth in preparation for working abroad
