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human rights Flashcards

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1
Q

define human rights norms

A

established customary behaviour based on moral principles and ways of living inculcated into the culture of a country or area over a long period of time

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1
Q

define human rights

A

basic rights and freedoms inherent to all human beings to which all people are emtitled without discrimination

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2
Q

what are the sustainable development goals?

A

established in 2015
supposed to be achieved in 2030
‘global goals’

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3
Q

what are the millenium development goals?

A

established in 2000
for LIDCs

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4
Q

what happened in 1948?

A

the universal declaration of human rights

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5
Q

what did article 5 of the UDHR state?

A

no one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment

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6
Q

what did article 9 of the UDHR state?

A

no one shall be subjected to arbitary arrest, detention or exile.

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7
Q

what impact has globalisation had on human rights?

A

enhanced the ability of civil society to work across borders an to promote human rights
it has enabled some organisations to gain power and penetrate violations

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8
Q

what are the main modern threats to human rights?

A

child labour
people trafficking
genocide
modern slavery

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9
Q

what are international treaties?

A

international agreements concluded between states in written form and governed by international law
there are a growing number of treaties regarding human rights

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10
Q

what is the UN convention on the rights of the child?

A

designed to change the ways that children are viewed and treated
it describes what a child needs in order to reach its full potential and explains the responsibilities of adults and governments to ensure that children everywhere can enjoy all their rights
basis of UNICEF work

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11
Q

what is infant mortality rate?

A

the annual number of deaths of infants under the age of one per 1000 live births

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12
Q

examples of global variation in IMR

A

Mali = 106.5
Italy = 3.3

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13
Q

how is IMR viewed as a human rights concern?

A

most of the deaths are avoidable
country is not doing all it can to prevent these deaths
not upholding rights of most vulnerable people

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14
Q

define intervention?

A

actions of a state, group of states or international organisations in a foreign territory to end gross violation of
included military force, economic sanctions and the assistance of NGOs

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15
Q

what is humanitarian intervention?

A

action taken to protect people at risk of war, famine, flood, genocide
often third party country or multilateral agency like UN

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16
Q

what is the UN security council?

A

he only body that can authorise the use of military force
military intervention is controversial

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17
Q

which organisations do the UN cordinate?

A

regional organisations - NATO, OSCE and ASEAN Intergovernmental commission on human rights

non-governmental organisations : Red Cross, Oxfam

public-private parternships: Gavi Alliance (vaccines and immunisation)

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18
Q

define global governance

A

intervention by the global community attempting to regulate issues such as human rights sovreignity and territorial integrity

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19
Q

define geo-politics

A

ways in which geographical factors were central in shaping international politics

global balance of power and international relations

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20
Q

who is a geo-political power holder?

A

USA- dominant militarily and politically
2nd to China in trading

ACs, EDCs, LIDCs - all have inequalities in power due to wealth, political strength and development

SUPRANATIONAL UN, EU, ASEAN, OPEC - all exert greater geopolitical influence than their individual number states

MNCs - have considerable influence o the countries that they invest in

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21
Q

what understanding is required before intervening in human rights issues?

A

political composition of the groups of countries and organisations that are involved in the intervention

nature of the intervention itself

why intervention is necessary

characteristic features of the country

socio-economic and political consequences of intervention

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22
Q

what is NATOs purpose?

A

to safeguard the freedom and security of all its members by political and military means

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23
Q

what is NATOs aim?

A

to secure a lasting peace in Europe, based on democracy, human rights and the use of law

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24
Q

what has NATO been doing in Ukraine?

A

since 2014
supports co-operation on the ground
helps enhance Ukraine’s political and practical dialogue
supports democratic governance of tehe security and defence sector
helps build inter-operability beween allied and ukrainian forces to face common challenges

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25
Q

define forced labour

A

when people are coerced to work through use of violence or intimidation, or by more subtle means of detention such as retention of identity papers- bonded labour

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26
Q

how many people are part of forced labour?

A

21 million victims
11 million are girls

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27
Q

how much illegal profit does forced labour generate?

A

$150 billion

28
Q

what are the three types of forced labour?

A

children who are denied education because they are forced to work

men unable to leave work because of debts owed to recruitment agents

women and girls exploited as unpaid, abused domestic workers

29
Q

what is the global distribution of forced labour?

A

worst in southeast asia but nowhere in the world is unaffected

30
Q

define article 3

A

everyone has the right to life, liberty and security
(forced labour violates)

31
Q

what are examples of forced labour?

A

cotton farming in Uzbekestan
brick kilns in pakistan
usa agriculture- migrants trafficked into industry

32
Q

what economic factors influence forced labour?

A

poverty
lack of economic opportunities and unemployment
low wages
migrants seeking work

33
Q

what social factors influence forced labour?

A

gender inequality
age, espc children
entire families enslaved through bonded labour
women and children trafficked for sexual exploitation
indigenous people eg in farming in Paraguay

34
Q

what political factors influence forced labour?

A

political instability
conflict
breakdown of laws
corruption
state sponsorship of modern slavery eg cotton in Uzebekistan
high levels of discrimination and prejudice

35
Q

what environmental factors cause forced labour?

A

escaping climate related disasters
hazardous working conditions in open mines

36
Q

what was the situation like in Chaghcharan Ghor before global intervention?

A

hostile and politically insecure
families had to sell assets such as livestock and their daughters
basic rights neglected - gender inequality

37
Q

what is the situation like in Chagharan Ghor now, after global intervention?

A

Afghan aid co-ordinated donor funding and government input which has transformed the lives of communities and individuals
EU funded Afghan aid training on efficient and efficient agricultural methods, reducing the spread of diseases by securing safe water supplies
locals now have greater freedom and women are more integrated in society. democratic practises have been strengthened by the election of community groups

38
Q

what global intervention strategies are being done in Kabul to tackle poverty?

A

funding from Japan to upgrade neighbourhoods in 33 provincial capitals and kabul
election of community development council, each included 300-250 households

39
Q

define maternal mortality rate

A

the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy from any causes related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its managment per 100,000 live births

40
Q

examples of maternal mortality rates

A

Sierra Leone: 1100/100,000
South Sudan: 1223/100,000 as of 2020

41
Q

what six factors influence maternal mortality rates?

A

access to treatments for pregnancy and brith complications, espc emergency care

quality of medical services espc provision of skilled attendance at birth

level of political commitment and government investment

availability of information and education

cultural banners which affect discrimination

poverty

42
Q

what protection measures are in place for maternal mortality rates?

A

the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)

the International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights

various regional treaties and the laws of many individual states

43
Q

how has the number of maternal deaths changed over time?

A

since 1990-2015 there has been a 44% in reduction of deaths

44
Q

what is capital punishment?

A

the death penalty

45
Q

how does capital punishment defy human rights?

A

state must recognise the right to life

46
Q

how many cases of capital punishment has there been recently?

A

in 2014, there was at least 607 excecutions
2466 people were sentenced to death in 55 countries

47
Q

what factors influence the global variation in capital punishment?

A

differences between countries in the range and type of crimes for which it is imposed

the incidence of its legality under national law

the increase in the number of countries in which it is being abolished

its reinstatement in some countries for threats to state security and public safety posed by terrorism

the number of commutations and pardons (granted in 28 countries in 2014)

48
Q

define gender inequality

A

the unequal treatment of individuals based on their gender
women and men do not enjoy the same rights and opportunities across all sectors of society because they are a woman or a man

49
Q

how is gender inequlity measured and what do the results show?

A

a range of indices
show that females suffer the most

50
Q

global patterns in gender equality is closely related to…

A

respect for the rights of women
demonstrated by the GGGI - global gender gap index

51
Q

what challenges remain in gender inequality?

A

forced marriage - often involves children
forced labour incl sex slavery
access to education and healthcare
employment opportunities
political participation
wage equality
violence against women
access to reproductive health services

52
Q

what are two Millenium Development Goals targeting gender inequality?

A

improve maternal health
promote gender equality and empowerment

53
Q

what have NGOs done to address gender inequality?

A

established Girls Education Initiative led by UNICEF
Internation Centre for Research on Women

54
Q

what has the UN done for gender inequlity?

A

CEDAW
working on treaties and legislation

55
Q

how does education perpeptuate gender inquality and has it changed?

A

favours males
MDG has caused some improvements
girls suffer severs disadvantages in poorer countries particularly in rural countries

56
Q

how would improving female education improve gender equality?

A

help women move into labour market and increase production capacity of the labour force
decrease infant mortality as women get more educated about fertility
family health and child nutrition would improve

57
Q

what has the UN done to improve female education?

A

Girls’ Education Initiative

58
Q

what factors lead to females not having education?

A

poor families prioritise paying for men to go
oldest girl has household obligations
educating girls does not benefit the girl’s family but the family in which she marries into
girls face exploitation and abuse in some classroom environments
some schools do not offer private or separate latrines
insufficient numbers of female teachers
child marriage
early pregnancy
inadequate legislation
insufficent government investment

59
Q

what factors effect female reproductive health in developing countries?

A

early forced marriage
high rates of young pregnancy
STDs incl HIV
harmful traditional practices eg FGM
forced sterilisation or abortion
sexual violence
gender bias in education = limited access to information
lack of empowerment in family size and spacing of pregnancies

60
Q

how many girls under 18 give birth every day?

A

20,000

61
Q

who is involved is resolving issues surrounding female reproductive rights?

A

Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights
NGOs eg ICRW, Amref Health Africa and Womankind

62
Q

what factors effect employment opportunities for women?

A

social norms- where the primary responsibility in securing household income is down to men and women are expected to do housework

cultural beliefs and practices of religious or social groups

levels of governmental and company support for child care

degrees to which equal oppurtunity is safeguarded by law

social acceptance of women as contributors to household income

gender based norms that shape the educational and job decisions of women and men

levels of discrimination by employers

sectoral structure of the labour market

63
Q

which human rights are often the cause of conflict?

A

denial of human needs such as food, housing, employment opportunity and limited access to education over long periods of time

discrimination and denial of freedom on an undemocratic society

unrepresentative government in which people are treated unequally or unjustly and excluded from decision making

oppressive government that do not respect the needs of all groups, including the preservation of ethnic identity or discrimination on the basis of gender

genocide or torture

64
Q

what human rights issue may conflict cause?

A

high incidence of human mortality, military involvement in fighting and civillians in local communities

damage to homes and property

damage to infrastructure, including transport systems, hospitals, school and tele-communications

the impact on food and water supply

displacement of populations including the effects of internal and international refugee migration

exploitation of women

ethnic cleansing

65
Q

the role of flows of people, money, ideas and technology in geopolitical intervention

A

UNHRC deployes experts, working groups etc to promote ideas and values
OHCHR provides education and training
NGOs eg Amnesty raise awareness
NATO give military support

66
Q

how do the UN protect human rights?

A

main aim to “reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights”
different council with experience that countries may lack
Security Council deals with human rights violations even in conflict areas
Human right council work with the legal backing of the International Bill of rights

67
Q

how do NGOs protect human rights?

A

work on the ground in areas of conflict
modify social norms through education
train in practical agricultural methods
improve sanitation
provision of medicines
health education

68
Q

how do treaties and law protect human rights?

A

binding in international and national law
eg Convention of the Rights of a Child

Human Geography (15 decks)

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