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LCRS Endocrinology > pituitary > Flashcards

pituitary Flashcards

adenohypophysis: explain the principle features of the anterior pituitary, list the adenohypophysial hormones and explain their homeostatic control, explain the synthesis, storage, release and physiological actions of these hormones and how dysregulation may present

1
Q

where is the pituitary gland located

A

just below the hypothalamus within the brain

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2
Q

what are the two distinct pituitary lobes

A

anterior and posterior

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3
Q

what is the anterior lobe also called

A

adenohypophysis

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4
Q

adenohypophysis lobe: origin

A

upgrowth from mouth

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5
Q

principle features of anterior pituitary

A

hypothalamic factors secreted within median eminence; endocrine action as diffuse into blood vessels through portal vessels and into endocrine cells for hormone secretion; secretory so requires bloodstream circulation

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6
Q

what does the pituitary gland lie in

A

sella turcica bone

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7
Q

where do hypothalamic neurone axons feed into the anterior pituitary

A

median eminence

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8
Q

significance of region of median eminence

A

devoid of blood-brain barrier so rich in capillaries to allow release of hormones

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9
Q

sections of adenohypophysis lobe

A

pars tuberalis, pars distalis

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10
Q

what is the purpose of the pars tuberalis

A

wraps pituitary stalk which connects hypothalamus, posterior lobe with pars distalis

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11
Q

what is the purpose of the pars distalis

A

where most hormone production occurs

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12
Q

which section of the brain dictates actions of anterior pituitary

A

hypothalamus

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13
Q

where is the primary fenestrated capillary plexus

A

median eminence

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14
Q

what connects the primary and secondary fenestrated capillary plexus

A

long portal veins

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15
Q

where does blood arrive into the pituitary gland

A

superior hypophysial artery

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16
Q

what is a portal network

A

where blood from the systemic circulation drains from one capillary network to another before returning to the heart

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17
Q

where does blood flow from the secondary fenestrated capillary plexus

A

into the venous system via the cavernous sinus

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18
Q

fenestrated definition and importance

A

“leaky”, so allows hormones to leak out and cause an effect

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19
Q

define hypothalamic neurone

A

neurones from hypothalamus to median eminence which secrete neurosecretions

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20
Q

where are hypothalamic neurosecretions released into

A

hypothalamo-hypophysical portal system

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21
Q

what do the hypothalamic neurosecretions do when they pass out of the secondary capilary plexus

A

inform secretory cells to exocytose stored hormones into systemic circulation

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22
Q

hypothalamo-adenohypophysial axis

A

hypothalamic nuclei → neurones to median eminence → neurosecretions released by hypothalamic neurone into adenohypophysis → adenohypophysial hormones → target organs

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23
Q

effect of hypothalamic hormones on adenohypophysial hormones and purpose

A

regulate (releasing or inhibitory) to maintain homeostasis

24
Q

example of adenohypophysial hormone target organ

A

thyroid

25
Q

adenohypophysial cells

A

somatotrophs, lactotrophs, thyrotrophs, gonadostrophs, corticotrophs

26
Q

somatotroph production

A

growth hormones (somatotrophin)

27
Q

lactotroph production

A

prolactin

28
Q

thyrotroph production

A

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH, thyrotrophin)

29
Q

gonadotroph production

A

luteinising hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

30
Q

corticotroph production

A

adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH, corticotrophin)

31
Q

adenohypophysial hormone synthesis and release

A

long precursor (prohormone) cleaved by enzyme to produce bioactive hormone; stored in secretory granules and released by exocytosis

32
Q

adenohypophysial hormones: long proteins

A

growth hormone (somatotrophin), prolactin

33
Q

adenohypophysial hormones: glycoproteins

A

TSH, thyrotrophin, LH, FSH

34
Q

adenohypophysial hormones: polypeptide (shortest)

A

ACTH, corticotrophin

35
Q

somatotrophin hypothalamic stimulator hormone

A

growth hormone releaseing hormone (GHRH)

36
Q

somatotrophin hypothalamic repressor hormone

A

somatostatin

37
Q

prolactin hypothalamic stimulatory hormone

A

thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH)

38
Q

prolactin hypothalamic repressor hormone

A

dopamine

39
Q

by which process does dopamine suppress prolactin secretion

A

negative inhibition, so less dopamine causes less prolactin

40
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone hypothalamic stimulatory hormone

A

thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH)

41
Q

LH and FSH hypothalamic stimulatory hormone

A

gonadotrophin releasing hormone

42
Q

ACTH hypothalamic stimulatory hormone

A

corticotrophin releasing hormone, vasopressin

43
Q

growth hormone main target cells

A

general body tissues, especially liver

44
Q

prolactin main target cell

A

breasts in lactating women

45
Q

thyrotrophin main target cell

A

thyroid

46
Q

gonadotrophin main target cells

A

testes (men), ovaries (women)

47
Q

corticotrophin main target cell

A

adrenal cortex

48
Q

growth hormone effect on body tissue

A

increase metabolic actions causing growth and development

49
Q

growth hormone effect on liver

A

causes liver to make IGF I and IGF II

50
Q

significance of IGF I on body tissue

A

indirect effect on metabolic actions, promoting metabolic actions causing growth and development

51
Q

metabolic actions affected by growth hormone

A

stimulation of amino acid transport into cells (e.g. muscle) and protein synthesis; increased gluconeogenesis; stimulation of lipolysis leading to increased fatty acid production; increased cartilaginous growth and somatic cell growth

52
Q

stimulators of growth hormone somatotrophin production

A

ghrelin (from stomach), amino acids, fasting (hypoglycaemia), exercise, oestrogens, stress, sleep

53
Q

what type of feedback is anterior pituitary under from IGF I to reduce somatotrophin

A

direct negative feedback

54
Q

what type of feedback is the hypothalamus under from IGF I to reduce GRHR

A

indirect negative feedback

55
Q

define neuro-endocrine reflex arc

A

nerve pathway involved in a reflex action, with a neuronal input and hormonal output

56
Q

prolactin as a hormone under neuro-endocrine reflex arc

A

suckling stimulates neuronal feedback, which supresses dopamine release, meaning more prolactin released to lactating breast, so more milk produced

LCRS Endocrinology (34 decks)

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