metabolism and insulin Flashcards
diabetes mellitus: explain the pathophysiology, recall clinical features of diabetes mellitus, distinguish between type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus
define type 1 diabetes mellitus
elevated glucose where insulin is required to prevent ketoacidosis; “insulin sentitivity”
clinical symptoms related to type 2 diabetes mellitus
elevated glucose, hypertension and dyslipidaemia; “insulin non-sensitivity”
which diabetes mellitus is most common
type 2
define MODY
range of single gene (monogenic) disorders causing diabetes; maturity onset in young
what aspects of diabetes are treated
symptoms, complications (morbidity) and mortality
how is diabetes treated
controlled diet, physiologically given insulin
what is measured to diagnose diabetes
capillary glucose monitoring
when does hypoglycaemia occur
imbalance between diet, exercise and insulin
what are the implications of hypoglycaemia
brain function increasingly impaired (as CNS relies almost entirely on glucose); if very low, unconsciousness, coma and death result
presentation of type I diabetes mellitus
absolute insulin deficiency (no insulin produced by pancreas), weight loss (proteolysis), hyperglycaemia, glycosuria with osmotic symptoms, ketonuria
consequences of type I diabetes mellitus
proteloysis continues (loss of muscle); lipolysis continues (loss of fat stores); high hepatic glucose output producing high glucose and ketone body concentrations; glycosurea (sugar in urine) and ketonuria (ketones in urine)
presentation of type II diabetes mellitus
insulin resistance, obesity, central adipocity, dyslipidaemia (abnormal carriage of lipids in circulation), later insulin deficiency, hyperglycaemia, less osmotic symptoms, with complications
aspects of diet type II diabetics must control
total calories control, reduce calories as (unsaturated) fat, reduce calories as refined carbohydrate, increase calories as complex carbohydrate, increase soluble fibre, decrease sodium
