Pigs A1-6 Flashcards
type of stomach of pigs
simple stomach
5L capacity
digestive tract of stomach of pig
14 times ht ebody length
capacity is 25L
puberty of pigs
6-8months
oestrus length of pigs
18-21 days
eggs ovulated per oestrus
10-20 days
gestation of pigs
115days
lactation length of pigs
21-42days
first oestrus post weaning
3-7days
average no of litters per year
1.7 - 2.5
weaning time of pigs
3-4 weeks
dry matter consumption of pigs
2-3% /body weight
average body weight at birth
1.7kg
average body weight at 21 days
5.2kg
average body weight at 28 days
7-9kg
average body weight at 70-90 days
20-30kg
average body weight at 180-210 days
95-110kg
HCL in piglets
pigs have achlorhydria at birth not Hcl
therefore no pepsin activity
therefore need rennin until day 14
days of suckling
day 0-28
body weight of suckling
1kg - 7-9kg
what is piglet fed day 0-1
colostrum
what is piglet fed day 0-10
milk
what is piglet fed day 10-28
creepfeed
what is creepfeed
milk mixed with prestarter
what is piglet fed day 28-42
prestarter
what is piglet fed day 42-70
starter
what is piglet fed day 70-90
piglet diet where they are sorted into fattening or breeding
transition from 1 diet to another should be
gradual to avoid disturbing the gut microflora
how much prestarter is eaten during suckling
1kg
main nutrient of prestarter
fat
CP content of prestarter
24%
CP content of starter
21%
CP content of piglet diet
18%
DE content of prestarter and starter and piglet diet
14 mg/kg
what micronutrient decrease
CP
fat
lysine
Ca
P
what is limiting a acid of pigs
lysine
demand of methionine as a % of lysine requirement
60%
demand of cysteine as a % of lysine requirement
60%
demand of threonine as a % of lysine requirement
65%
demand of tryptophan as a % of lysine requirement
17%
why do piglets require colostrum fast
only 1-2hrs of glycogen stores and less than 2% body fat
high energy requirement
when is colostrum available
10hrs before and 36hrs post farrowing
when do antibodies move into colostrum
2-3days prior to farrowing
what is the colostrum high in
rich in proteins and vitamins and P
what is milk high in
rich in fat and minerals
where does energy come from
FA
lactose
AA
ratio of Ca:P at 0hrs
0.45:1
ratio of Ca:P at 12hrs
0.55:1
ratio of Ca:P at 1-2weeks
1.5:1
protective factors of sow milk
Ig
protective cells - macrophages and lymphocytes
enzymes of sow milk
amylase
lipase
protease - inactive
regulatory factors of sow milk
EGF
insulin
insulin growth factor
PGE
polyamines - to stimulate growth of gi tract
important nutrients of piglets
fat
water
iron
vitamin e
selenium
dose of iron
200mg/piglet IM into left neck
effect of giving fat to sow late in pregnancy
increase milk fat
increase weaning weight
decreases weaning and rebreeding interval
weaning
adjustment of social, thermal and physical environment
change in diet form and composition
3 different types of weaning
traditional system
recent system
segregated early weaning
soil feed composition of traditional system
70-80
soil feed composition of recent system
50-60
soil feed composition of SEW
very little
age of traditional system
8 weeks
age of recent system
4weeks
age of SEW
2 weeks
principle of sew - segregated early weaning
based on assumption that there is minimal disease transmission btw sow and piglet
changes occuring at weaning
abrupt removal with synchronised feed periods
liquid to dry feed
no water intake voa milk
litters become mixed and sorted
mother is removed
change is temp, humidity, air ventilation, society, housing
6 resons for weaning at 28 days
digestive system development
immunity of pig
milk production of sow
post weaning fertility
labour competance
feed cost
how often should newly weaned pigs be fed
4-6 times a day
problems related to weaning stress
effect on enzyme activity
diarrhoea
nutritional, psychological, environmental and social factors
protein content of feed (CP) for piglet of BW 3-5kg
26%
protein content of feed (CP) for piglet of BW 5-10kg
23.7%
protein content of feed (CP) for piglet of BW 10-20kg
20.9%
protein content of feed (CP) for piglet of BW 20-50kg
18%
protein content of feed (CP) for piglet of BW 50-80kg
15.5%
protein content of feed (CP) for piglet of BW 80-120 kg
13.2%
feed supplements of weaned piglets
lysine and iron
cause of ulcers
size of feed
low fibre
high energy
high s of wheat
low vit e and selenium
which feed is better to prevent ulcers
larger not as finely ground feed
prevention and treatment of ulcers
large particle size
increase fibre
clay to line the stomach
coarse barley
buffer materialsvitamins A, E, K
clinical signs of acute ulcers
pale
wakeness
dark faeces
dyspnoea
inappetance
vomit
clinical signs of per acute ulcers
dead
clinical signs of chronic cases ulcers
intermittent appetite
when does a pug become a fattening pig
at day 90
when pig is 30kg
requirements of pork productions
16 weeks
60-75kg
requirements of bacon swine
22 weeks
80-85kg
requirements of heavy hog
26 weeks
90-120kg
energy of 1kg protein
45.7mj DE
energy of 1kg fat
55.7 mj DE
main source of energy for fatteners
carbs
fats
oils
which is more economical in summer
fat
which is more economical in winter
fibre
biological value of proteins of fattening pigs
% of digested proteins forming muscles
what is the quality of protein requirements
digestibility
biological value
anitinutrives
fat requirement of fatteners
3%
what can excess fat in fatteneres cause
lime soap formation with Ca and Mg
linoleic acid in pigs >30kg
1.5g/kg
linoleic acid in pigs <30kg
0.7g/kg
increase in fibre in diet os fatteners
increases feed efficiency
decreases digestibility
water requirements of fatteners
1 nipple to 15piglets
water requirement of 20-60kg fattener
4L/day
water requirement of 60-115kg fattener
5.5L/day
optimal content of feed
feed intake for 20Kg pig
5%
optimal content of feed
feed intake for 30 kg pig
4.8%
optimal content of feed
feed intake for 40 kg pig
4.6%
optimal content of feed
feed intake for 50 kg pig
4.4%
optimal content of feed
feed intake for 60 kg pig
4.2%
optimal content of feed
feed intake for 70 kg pig
3.9%
optimal content of feed
feed intake for 80 kg pig
3.8%
optimal content of feed
feed intake for 90 kg pig
3.6%
optimal content of feed
average daily growth for 30 kg pig
625g
optimal content of feed
average daily growth for 20 kg pig
500g
optimal content of feed
average daily growth for 40 kg pig
750g
optimal content of feed
average daily growth for 50-90 kg pig
790g
weight of phase 1 of fattening pig
30-60kg
weight of phase 2 of fattening pig
60-120kg
DM of fattening pig
86%
CP of phase 1 of fattening pigs
16.8%
CP of phase 2 of fattening pigs
15%
for how long should feed be given ad lib to fatteners
Until they are 50kg bw
replacement gilts age and weight for first presentation
90days
25-30kg
replacement gilts age and weight for second presentation
140 days
80-90kg
what day is puberty in gilts
170days
BCS 1-5 gilts
emacitated
thin
ideal
fat
over fat
- emaciated
hips and backbone prominent to eye
- thin
hips and backbone easily felt without applying palm pressure
- ideal
hips and backbone felt only with firm pam pressure
- fat
hips and backbone cant be felt
- overfat
hips and backbone heavily covered
nutrient requirement of gilts
CP
13.5%
nutrient requirement of gilts
DE
14.2mj/kg
cp of industry average gilts
14-16%
cp of lean gilts
14%
DE of industry average gilts
13
de of lean gilts
13-14
body weight of phase 1 of high lean gilts
25-60kg
body weight of phase 2 of high lean gilts
60-125kg
body weight of phase 3 of high lean gilts
125-140kg
body weight of phase 4 of high lean gilts
early gestation
back fat of phase 1 of high lean gilts
<7mm
back fat of phase 2 of high lean gilts
7-16mm
back fat of phase 3 of high lean gilts
16-18mm
back fat of phase 4 of high lean gilts
18-22mm
feeding of phase 1 of high lean gilts
ab lib
feeding of phase 2 of high lean gilts
1.8-2.2 kg/day
feeding of phase 3 of high lean gilts
ad lib
feeding of phase 4 of high lean gilts
1.8- 2 kg/days
what is lean growth assocated with
body protein deposition
which is more efficent protein or fat growth
protein
at what day and body weight is the first heat
day 190
110kg
at what day and weight is the 2nd heat
210 days
140kg
what is flushing
the provision of high quantity of feed ad lib for11-14 days prior to insemination
what is the result of flushing
increase ovulation rate
increase litter size
what is the feed given for flushing
3.5kg/day
when do you not flush
if the sows condition is poor
wait until the 3rd heat
2 different feeding strategies of gilts
genetically lean animals
industrial average
genetically lean animals
increase muscle synthesis from protein
feed fat for energy reserves
industrial average
increase fat synthesis
decrease protein synthesis by feeding moer protein
at what day and weight are gilts inseminated and back fat
day 200-220.
135- 150kg
16-18mm back fat
at what day and weight and bac kfat does partuition occur
180kg
day 315
18-20mm back fat
feeding phases
day 0-4
1.8 - 2.3 kg/day
feeding phases
day 4-30
feed according to bcs
feeding phases
day 30-90
1.8-2.3 kg/day
feeding phases
day 90- 112
2.7-3.6kg/day
to prevent ketosis
feeding phases
day 112-113
2.5-3 kg/day
laxative diet to prevent obstipation
feeding phases
day 113-114
1-1.8 kg/day
liquid diet prior to farrowing
aims of sow nutrtion
help egg production and ovulation
increase the number of live piglets
increase the number of weaned piglets
increase weaning body weight of piglets
ensure good result of the next pregnancy
DE of pregnant sows
14.2 mj/kg
CPof pregnant sows
13.5%
CFof pregnant sows
10%
lysine of pregnant sows
0.6%
when does lactation begins in sows
day 315 (post parteum( for 28 days (343 days)
body weight of sow prior to weaning
160-170kg
what happens in the supplement energy from the feed is insufficient
the sow will use her own fat reserves to produce milk
feeding phase of lactating sow
day 1 after farrowing
2-2.5kg/day
feeding phase of lactating sow
day 1-5 after farrowing
add 1kg/day everyday until day 5
feeding phase of lactating sow
day 5-28 after farrowing
ad lib
feeding phase of lactating sow
day 28 after farrowing
4kg/day
feeding phase of lactating sow
day of service after farrowing
1.5-2 kg/day
what happens if you just feed ad lib from day 1
halter milk production maybe
energy requirement of lactating sows
14.2mj/day
CP of lactating sows
18-19%
lysine of lactating sows
1%
what does late lactation determibne
the piglets weaning weihgt
what are the 3 goals of the feeding system of lactating sows
- maximise intake of a properly formulated diet
- match the amino acids and other nutrient levels to the level of feed intake achieved
- maintain a reasonable feed cost per weaned pig
what % of consumed nutrients are used for lactation
75%
water intake of lactating pigs
2L/hour (40L/day)
what to include in physical form of the diet of lactating sows
soak feed
corn soybean
nuts and weaner rolls
