Carnivores B12-24 Flashcards
cats uniqueness
higher glucose metabolism
higher protein requirement
sensitive to deficiencies in arg & taur
no conversion of beta carotene to vit a
no trytophan for niacine conversion
no vit d synthesis
no linoleic acid for arachidonic synthesis
consequence of taurine deficiency
retinal degradation
DCM
low birth rate
poor growth
poor repro performance
compormised immunity
treatment of taurine deficiency
supplements
meat, fish, tablets
arginine synthesis consequences
hyperammonia –> vomitting, muscular spasm, ataxia, hypereasthesia, tetany, spasms, coma
what happens if the body has no arginine
no denovo synthesis of ornithine therefore no urea cycle
vitamin a hypervitaminosis
due to feeding liver to cat
consequence of vitamin a deficiency
parakeratosis
poor coat
lethargy
ossification of neck
tretment of vit a deficiency
lipotrope
correct diet
conseqeunce of niacin deficiency
weight loss
blue tongue
weakness
stomatitis
consequence of arachidonic acid
thrombocytopaenia
poor coat
queen fails to deliver viable kittens
treatment of arachidonic acid
fish and fish oils
how is obeisity estimated
bcs and bw
names of teh 2 types of obeisity
hypertrophic
hyperplastic
cause of obeisity
energy intake with inadequate satiey signals, leptin, NPY & its receptors
energy intake > expenditure
heat production
age
neutering
differential diagnosis of obeisity
ascites
pregnancy
acromegaly
neoplasoa
dm
constipation
hypothyroidism
overweight definition
10-20% above optimal bw
obese definition
> 20% over bw
goals of obeisity management
promote weight loss
avoid weight regain
rate of weight loss weekly Ca 1-2% . Fe 0.5-1%
therapy of obeisity
owner compliance
50-60% of maintenance, cyclic periodic design
fortified diet: vitamins and mineral will be lower
vit a stimulates the expression of letin resulting in decreased appetite
increase fibre from 2% to 10-15%
how to measure BMI
measure ribcage circumference and the length of the lower leg from mid patella
overnutrition
overconsumption
occurs in growing puppies of large puppies. muscles grow faster than bones –> OCD
clinical signs of overnutrition
xrays
bear sole
treatment of overnutrition
give 90% of nutritional requirement
genetic hyperlipidaemia
lipid in blood during resting state
genetic endocrine disease
give low fat and high fibre
physiology of getting old
immune system impairment
joint ailments - decreased condrocyte number
limited mental function
obeisity
decreased kidney function
decreased heart and lung capacity
increased resp disturbances
decreased load capacity, stamina, endurance, physiological power
age of old cats
> 11years
age and weight of old small dogs
<10kg
11.5 years
age and weight of old medium dogs
11-25kg
10 years
age and weight of old large dogs
25-45kg
9 years
age and weight of old giant dogs
> 45kg
7.5 years
ME requirement for dogs
0.54 x bw^0.75
ME requirement for cats
0.33 x bw
protein turnover in older animals
lack of protein has damaging consequences
liver IGF1 can put acids back into muscles therefore elderly dogs need the same amount of energy as young
except in CKF
metabolic changes in older animals
glucose intolerance
decreased sensitivity to insulin
decreased fat desaturation
dysbiosis
decreased risk of obeisity in cats due to decreased digestibility coeffiecient
dietary changes in older animals
water adlib
maintanence decreases with age for dogs
for cats increase feed to compensate the decreased fat digestion
fibre in older animals
3-5% to prevent constipation
to prevent inflammation in older animals
fish oil
to prevent renal insufficiency in older animals
decrease Na & P
older horses
decrease insulin
EMS
chronic pain
dental anomalies
diarrhoea
cushings
dysbiosis
asthma
metabolic imbalance
decreased cold intolerance
why decrease maintainence
due to decline in free mass and decreased exercise ability
nutrition of older horses
decrease ME with age
soak feed to avoid diarrhoea
increased energy density
increase lysine and threonine
decrease P digestibility
extra vits mins omega 3 antioxidants
chronic renal failure
irreversible of lesions of kidney. occurs overmonths and years
decreased functionality of kidney
clinical consequences of CRF
PU/PD
dullness
weight loss
poor appetite
poor coat
diarrhoea, vomitting
anaemia
stomatitis
hypertension
what is glomeruslonephritis
continuous loss of proteins and inflammed nephrons
clinical signs of CRF
hypoalbuminaemia
ascites
hydrothorax
sc oedmea
treatment of CRF
protein
Na
treatment of conseuquences of CRF
treat acidosis with NaHCO3 and K citrate
epo, ca, vit d to prevent anaemia
prevent protein and P accumulation
aim of nutrition of animals with CKF
decrease load on kidney
prevent P accumulation
replace water soluble vits and calcium
protein nutrition of animals with CKF
dont completely eliminate it
otherwise - hair loss and rubber jaw
Cp of animals with CKF
Ca: 14-18% (normal is 18%)
Fe: 25-28% (normal is 30-40%)
vitamins and minerals of animals with CKF
decrease P ro help serum levels
increase ME
supplements of ca, vit d, omega 3, antioxidant
at what stage of CKF when should prescription diet feeding start
at stage 2
what species is urolithiasis most common in
cats
type of urolith in dogs
struvite
cysteine
oxalate
urate
silicate
types of urolith in cats
struvite
oxalate
which types of stones do you want to reduce the formation of
cysteine
oxalate
urate
silicate
which type of stones do you want to dissolve the stones and prevent reoccurrence
struvite
nutrition of dissolving the stones
increase ME, Na, BV
decrease P, Mg (by reducing dairy) protein
Acidifiers
nutrition of reducing the formation of the stones
decrease; protein level, Ca
increase; feed digestibility and biological value, alkalinity
control protein deficiency
how long can a prescription diet be given in case of urolithiasis
6months max
defieciencys that can cause skin disease
Zn
Iodine
Vit E
Vit A
pantothenic
what species is Zn responsive dermatitis most common in
huskeys
alaskan malamute
clinic signs of zn deficiency
erythema
alopecia
scalling
crusting
suppuration around mouth, chin, eyes, ears, perineum
thick crust over joints
treatment of zn dficiency
100mg zn sulphate po BID
at what age do bull terriers die
7months with extreme zn deficiency
clinical signs of iodine deficiency in puppies
goitre
hair loss
clinical signs of vit e deficiency in cats skin
lumpy sc and fat
dermatitis
clinical signs of vit a deficiency in skin
greasy
seborrheic parakeratosis
clinical signs of pantothenic deficiency in skin
greying
main allergies of dogs
beef
dairy products
gluten
main allergies of cats
beef
dairy
clinical signs of allergies
itching
skin problems
diarrhoea
vomitting
differential diagnosis of allergies
FAD
diagnosis of allergies
elimination diet
diagnosis by challenging/ scarifcation/ elisa
aim of feeding allergies
reduce the chance of allergic response
unique protein source
ID of allergy
support healthy skin barrier
types of prescription diets for allergies
EUKANUBA
hydrolysed protein source and common carb source
Hypoallergic diet
hypoallergic diet for dogs
protein = fish
energy = spud
hypoallergic diet for cats
protein = lamb
energy = barley
type 1 diabetes
insulin dependant
IDDM
clinical signs of IDDM
hyperglycaemia
no insulin production
insufficient glucose absorption by cells
type 2 diabetes
non insulin dependant
NIDDM
clinical signs of NIDDM
hyperglycaemia and insulin resistance
type 3 diabetes
impaired glucose tolerance
high blood glucose at fasting
type 4 diabetes
gestational diabetes
P4 inhibits insulin actions
other clinical signs of DM
cataracts
dermatitis
PU/PD
polyneuroplasia
aim of dietary treatment for type 1
regulation of blood glucose by feeding
minimalise the prostprandial fluctuations
protein for dietary treatment for type 1
increase it to 25-30%
fibre for dietary treatment for type 1
15%
function of fibre for dietary treatment for type 1
slows glucose release
less postprandial glucose and insulin peak
fat for dietary treatment for type 1
10% any hihger would cause ketosis
complete carbs for dietary treatment for type 1
slow release glucose - 45-50% of DM
starch
what is the glycoaemic index
ranking of carbs on a scale from 0 - 100 according to the extent to which they raise blood glucose levels after eating
high gi
fluctutations in the blood glucose level - juice
low gi
smaller fluctuations - buckwheat
2 names of insulin injections
Amorph
Crystallin Zn
amorph insulin injection
quick absorption
short duration
crystallin Zn insulin injection
slow absoprtion
longer acting
daily routine of animal with IDDM
25% of ration in morning
then rest after 7-8hrs
when to give insulin in IDDM animals
after feeding of first ration
what to do with hospitalised IDDM animals
4-5feeds/day
2 injections
pathophysiology of Congestive heart failure:
first step
decreased heart capacity
pathophysiology of Congestive heart failure:
decreased heart capacity causes
decreased curculation and bp
pathophysiology of Congestive heart failure:
decreased bp causes
poor renal perfusion
pathophysiology of Congestive heart failure:
poor renal perfusions causes
activation of renin angiotensin aldosterone system
pathophysiology of Congestive heart failure:
activated RAAS causes
Na and H20 retention
pathophysiology of Congestive heart failure:
Retention cauases
water in thorax and abdomen
pathophysiology of Congestive heart failure:
water in thorax and abdomen causes
increased load on the heart
consequences of CHF
ascites
oedema
hydrothorax
Nutritional Management of CHF:
decrease; Na (<0.25% of DM)
increase; protein, antioxidants and omega 3 in diet
Nutritional Management of CHF
avoid
cheese
processed meals
cereals
liver
heart
kidney
treats
Nutritional Management of CHF
give
beef
rabbit
chicken
rice
pasta
Nutritional Management of CHF
supplements
taurine - cats
L carnitine - dogs
prescription diet for heart failure animals
Hills h/d
cause of acute pancreatitis
medication
infection
obesity
trauma
shock
symptoms of acute pancreatitis
abdominal distension
lack of appetite
dehydration
vommiting
yellow/green faeces
treatment of acute pancreatitis
nothing po for 3-5 days
then high carbs and low fat
3-5 small meals a day
what happens in case of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
pancrease only produces 10% of normal enzymes
cause of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
chronic pancreatitis
breed disposition
duct obstruction
symptoms of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
rapid weight loss
poor coat
clay like stool
animal eats abnormal things
type 1 dm
diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
serum trypsin like immunoreactivity
faecal elastase test
indigested particles in faeces
giemsa stain
mm
lugol stain
starch
sudan stain
lipid
aim of treatment of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
decrease intestinal load
avoid clinical signs
digestive enzyme replacement
diet of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
high digestibility diet
low fat and fibre
small portions
supplements of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
fat soluble vits
enzyme replacers
names for enzyme replacers
bovine pancrease
lipase
trypsin
what species is hepatic lipidosis common in
cats
pathophys of hepatic lipidosis
circulation of fatty acids taken up by the liver resulting in hepatic cell degrdation
clinical consequences of hepatic lipidosis
weight loss
lethargy
vomit
malnutrition
aim of feeding in case of hepatic lipidosis
decrease metabolic load
support and restore liver function
avoid hepatic encephalopathy
diet for hepatic lipidosis
decrease; protein
high energy and digestibility
NH3 traps e.g. lactulose
supplements for diet of hepatic lipidosis
Vit B, K, E
L carnitine
taurine
arginine
protein of hepatic lipidosis
dog - 15%
cat - 25%
another name for wilsons disease
menkes disease
copper storage disease
coppe hepatotoxicosis
predisposition to Wilsons disease
Bedlington terriers
Westies
pathophys of Wilsons disease
dysfunction of ATP78 (a copper transporting protein)
therefore liver cant remove copper
therefore high levels of copper in liver and plasma
what enzyme is lacking in Wilsons disease
metallothionine
clinical consequences of Wilsons disease
gum bleeding
ascites
jaundice
anaemia
copper circle in eye
aim of feeding Wilsons disease
decrease copper in diet
decrease in copper binding substances
decrease in protein load
diet in case of Wilsons disease
low protein
avoid; liver, mushroom, chamomile, vitamin c
deficiencys that influence skeletal system
Ca
vit d
vit e
thiamine
another name for ca deficiency
rubber jaw disease
what can rubber jaw disease lead to
secondary hyperparathyroidism
cause of rubber jaw disease
poor balance of meat in the diet
clinical signs of rubber jaw disease
reluctance to walk
poor bone density
lameness
poor results on a dexa scan
treatment of rubber jaw disease
painkillers
prevention of rubber jaw disease
limestone
calcium lactate
ca hypophospharium
vitamin d deficiency
normally stimulated Ca conversion of kidney
vitamin d deficiency consequences
rickets
osteomalacia
failure of normal mineralisation of newly formed osteoid tissue in young animals
another name for vitamin E deficiency
yellow fat disease
panstetitis
what species is vitamin E deficiency common in
cats
cause of vitamin E deficiency
high polyunsat fats with low vit e causing cercoid pigments deposits in adipose tissue
therefore necrosis and inflammation
clinical signs of vitamin E deficiency
anorexia
depression
general tenderness
sc fat lumpy and painful
what species is thiamine deficiency most likely in
cats
cause of thiamine deficiency
raw fidhs
thiaminase in day old chick
overcooked meat
canned food
stages of thiamine deficiency
induction
critical
terminal stages
clinical signs of stage 1 thiamine deficiency
anorexia
vomit
ataxia
clinical signs of stage 2 thiamine deficiency
nervous signs
abnormal posture
ataxia
ventroflexion of head
convulsion
clinical signs of stage 3 thiamine deficiency
weaker –> death
clincial signs of hypervitiminosis A
poor coat
lethargy
neck pain
lameness
exostoses
pain in c, th and fl
treatment of hypervitiminosis A
lipotrophic subtances
example of lipotrophic substance
met
choline
exostoses definition
benign growths of bones extending outwards
what does Ca overload cause
hip dysplasia
what does overfeeding of large breed puppies cause
OCD
CP requirement of sporting dogs
23%
NFE requirement of sporting dogs
40%
diet of sporting dogs
increased; energy buy increasing fats
are carbs digested well by sporting dogs
no
CP of working dogs
30%
fat of working dogs
20%
ME sprinter vs heavy worker
sprinter < worker
CP sprinter vs heavy worker
sprinter < worker
CF sprinter vs heavy worker
sprinter = worker
fat sprinter vs heavy worker
sprinter < worker
NFE sprinter vs heavy worker
sprinter > worker
components of feed of work dogs
meat
fish
viscera
whey powder
heat treated cereals
antioxidants needed for work horse
vitamin e/selenium
omega 3
why are antioxidants necessary in work horses
free radicals produced during work
feeding of greyhounds ideal
50-70% red meat
1lg/day cereals
risk for feeding of greyhounds
pathogens
bulky
to prevent risks for greyhounds
give
high energy dense compound dry feed
400g/day
low bulk
high digestiblity
breakfast of greyhounds
cooked cereal biscuits - carb based
evening meal of greyhounds
lean meat and dry food with veg
supplements of greyhounds
vit c, d, e, b2
iron, ca
electrolytes
pathophys of tumerous animals
insulin resistance ==> decrease in CHO utilitsation
clinical signs of tumerous animals
hyperglycaemia
hyperosmolarity
lactic acid production
prone to acidosis and inflammation
decreased appetite due to TNFalpha
goal of dietary treatment of tumourous animals
inhibit metastasis
decreased of reoccurrence
feeding principles of tumourous animals
personalised & according to cell type
bcs
re evaluation
dietetic anamness
pre/post op phase
aim
to starve cancer cells
what do cancer cells require
high energy, protein, minerals and vitamins
pre/ post op phase of tumourous animals treatment
drastic feed limitation 1/4 maintenance.
100g food for 30kg dog
aim of non operable tumourous animals
prolong life
treatment of non operable tumourous animals
increase proteins, arginine, biotin all for urea cycle
antioxidants, pain relief, immunostimulating additives
feed compounds of tumourous animals
low carbs
increased; fats, oils, protein
antioxidants
DM of dog milk
23%
DM of cat milk
19%
DM of mare milk
13%
energy of dog milk
5.8mj/day
energy of cat milk
4.4 mj/day
energy of mare milk
3mj/day
CP of dog milk
7.8%
CP of cat milk
8.1%
CP of mare milk
2%
fat of cat milk
5.1%
fat of dog milk
9.8%
fat of mare milk
1.6%
lactose of dog milk
3.5%
lactose of cat milk
6.9%
lactose of mare milk
7%
weight of puppies at birth
100-750g
weight of kittens at birth
90-120g
at what age does puppies bw double
first 8-10days
at what age does kitten bw double
in first 2 weeks
risks of abandoned kittens and puppies
hypothermia
hypoglycaemia
dehydration
artificial milk replacer for puppies and kittens
scrambles meat
cottage cheese
rapeseed oil
yolk
skimmed milk
why is goats milk a good milk substitute
no caesin which can cause allergies
fat is smaller and digested easier
milk replacers for puppies
lactol
essential pet with colostrum
puppy milk
milk quantity for puppies
16ml/100g bw
6-8times daily
what to avoid in kittens
dog milk - ca deficiency
cow milk - low in protein and fat
milk replacer in kittens
kitty milk formula
goat milk powder
milk quantity of kittens
25ml/100g bw
6-8times/ day
where does an abandoned foals first hour energy come from
newborn uses carbs stored in liver & glycogen in skeletal muscle
where does energy for foal for hour 2-4hrs come from
stored fat
what do normal foals consumer
20-25% bw in milk in first 5 weeks
17-20% after
milk replacer recipe
600ml cows milk
400ml water
35g milk sugar
2 raw eggs
creep feed for foals
1L oats/ day
increase each month 3months - 3L
