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Nutrition Oral > Carnivores B12-24 > Flashcards

Carnivores B12-24 Flashcards

1
Q

cats uniqueness

A

higher glucose metabolism
higher protein requirement
sensitive to deficiencies in arg & taur
no conversion of beta carotene to vit a
no trytophan for niacine conversion
no vit d synthesis
no linoleic acid for arachidonic synthesis

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2
Q

consequence of taurine deficiency

A

retinal degradation
DCM
low birth rate
poor growth
poor repro performance
compormised immunity

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3
Q

treatment of taurine deficiency

A

supplements
meat, fish, tablets

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4
Q

arginine synthesis consequences

A

hyperammonia –> vomitting, muscular spasm, ataxia, hypereasthesia, tetany, spasms, coma

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5
Q

what happens if the body has no arginine

A

no denovo synthesis of ornithine therefore no urea cycle

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6
Q

vitamin a hypervitaminosis

A

due to feeding liver to cat

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7
Q

consequence of vitamin a deficiency

A

parakeratosis
poor coat
lethargy
ossification of neck

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8
Q

tretment of vit a deficiency

A

lipotrope
correct diet

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9
Q

conseqeunce of niacin deficiency

A

weight loss
blue tongue
weakness
stomatitis

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10
Q

consequence of arachidonic acid

A

thrombocytopaenia
poor coat
queen fails to deliver viable kittens

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11
Q

treatment of arachidonic acid

A

fish and fish oils

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12
Q

how is obeisity estimated

A

bcs and bw

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13
Q

names of teh 2 types of obeisity

A

hypertrophic
hyperplastic

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14
Q

cause of obeisity

A

energy intake with inadequate satiey signals, leptin, NPY & its receptors
energy intake > expenditure
heat production
age
neutering

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15
Q

differential diagnosis of obeisity

A

ascites
pregnancy
acromegaly
neoplasoa
dm
constipation
hypothyroidism

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16
Q

overweight definition

A

10-20% above optimal bw

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17
Q

obese definition

A

> 20% over bw

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18
Q

goals of obeisity management

A

promote weight loss
avoid weight regain
rate of weight loss weekly Ca 1-2% . Fe 0.5-1%

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19
Q

therapy of obeisity

A

owner compliance
50-60% of maintenance, cyclic periodic design
fortified diet: vitamins and mineral will be lower
vit a stimulates the expression of letin resulting in decreased appetite
increase fibre from 2% to 10-15%

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20
Q

how to measure BMI

A

measure ribcage circumference and the length of the lower leg from mid patella

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21
Q

overnutrition

A

overconsumption
occurs in growing puppies of large puppies. muscles grow faster than bones –> OCD

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22
Q

clinical signs of overnutrition

A

xrays
bear sole

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23
Q

treatment of overnutrition

A

give 90% of nutritional requirement

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24
Q

genetic hyperlipidaemia

A

lipid in blood during resting state
genetic endocrine disease
give low fat and high fibre

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25
Q

physiology of getting old

A

immune system impairment
joint ailments - decreased condrocyte number
limited mental function
obeisity
decreased kidney function
decreased heart and lung capacity
increased resp disturbances
decreased load capacity, stamina, endurance, physiological power

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26
Q

age of old cats

A

> 11years

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27
Q

age and weight of old small dogs

A

<10kg
11.5 years

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28
Q

age and weight of old medium dogs

A

11-25kg
10 years

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29
Q

age and weight of old large dogs

A

25-45kg
9 years

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30
Q

age and weight of old giant dogs

A

> 45kg
7.5 years

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31
Q

ME requirement for dogs

A

0.54 x bw^0.75

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32
Q

ME requirement for cats

A

0.33 x bw

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33
Q

protein turnover in older animals

A

lack of protein has damaging consequences
liver IGF1 can put acids back into muscles therefore elderly dogs need the same amount of energy as young
except in CKF

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34
Q

metabolic changes in older animals

A

glucose intolerance
decreased sensitivity to insulin
decreased fat desaturation
dysbiosis
decreased risk of obeisity in cats due to decreased digestibility coeffiecient

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35
Q

dietary changes in older animals

A

water adlib
maintanence decreases with age for dogs
for cats increase feed to compensate the decreased fat digestion

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36
Q

fibre in older animals

A

3-5% to prevent constipation

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37
Q

to prevent inflammation in older animals

A

fish oil

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38
Q

to prevent renal insufficiency in older animals

A

decrease Na & P

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39
Q

older horses

A

decrease insulin
EMS
chronic pain
dental anomalies
diarrhoea
cushings
dysbiosis
asthma
metabolic imbalance
decreased cold intolerance

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40
Q

why decrease maintainence

A

due to decline in free mass and decreased exercise ability

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41
Q

nutrition of older horses

A

decrease ME with age
soak feed to avoid diarrhoea
increased energy density
increase lysine and threonine
decrease P digestibility
extra vits mins omega 3 antioxidants

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42
Q

chronic renal failure

A

irreversible of lesions of kidney. occurs overmonths and years
decreased functionality of kidney

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43
Q

clinical consequences of CRF

A

PU/PD
dullness
weight loss
poor appetite
poor coat
diarrhoea, vomitting
anaemia
stomatitis
hypertension

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44
Q

what is glomeruslonephritis

A

continuous loss of proteins and inflammed nephrons

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45
Q

clinical signs of CRF

A

hypoalbuminaemia
ascites
hydrothorax
sc oedmea

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46
Q

treatment of CRF

A

protein
Na

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47
Q

treatment of conseuquences of CRF

A

treat acidosis with NaHCO3 and K citrate
epo, ca, vit d to prevent anaemia
prevent protein and P accumulation

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48
Q

aim of nutrition of animals with CKF

A

decrease load on kidney
prevent P accumulation
replace water soluble vits and calcium

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49
Q

protein nutrition of animals with CKF

A

dont completely eliminate it
otherwise - hair loss and rubber jaw

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50
Q

Cp of animals with CKF

A

Ca: 14-18% (normal is 18%)
Fe: 25-28% (normal is 30-40%)

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51
Q

vitamins and minerals of animals with CKF

A

decrease P ro help serum levels
increase ME
supplements of ca, vit d, omega 3, antioxidant

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52
Q

at what stage of CKF when should prescription diet feeding start

A

at stage 2

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53
Q

what species is urolithiasis most common in

A

cats

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54
Q

type of urolith in dogs

A

struvite
cysteine
oxalate
urate
silicate

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55
Q

types of urolith in cats

A

struvite
oxalate

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56
Q

which types of stones do you want to reduce the formation of

A

cysteine
oxalate
urate
silicate

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57
Q

which type of stones do you want to dissolve the stones and prevent reoccurrence

A

struvite

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58
Q

nutrition of dissolving the stones

A

increase ME, Na, BV
decrease P, Mg (by reducing dairy) protein
Acidifiers

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59
Q

nutrition of reducing the formation of the stones

A

decrease; protein level, Ca
increase; feed digestibility and biological value, alkalinity
control protein deficiency

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60
Q

how long can a prescription diet be given in case of urolithiasis

A

6months max

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61
Q

defieciencys that can cause skin disease

A

Zn
Iodine
Vit E
Vit A
pantothenic

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62
Q

what species is Zn responsive dermatitis most common in

A

huskeys
alaskan malamute

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63
Q

clinic signs of zn deficiency

A

erythema
alopecia
scalling
crusting
suppuration around mouth, chin, eyes, ears, perineum
thick crust over joints

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64
Q

treatment of zn dficiency

A

100mg zn sulphate po BID

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65
Q

at what age do bull terriers die

A

7months with extreme zn deficiency

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66
Q

clinical signs of iodine deficiency in puppies

A

goitre
hair loss

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67
Q

clinical signs of vit e deficiency in cats skin

A

lumpy sc and fat
dermatitis

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68
Q

clinical signs of vit a deficiency in skin

A

greasy
seborrheic parakeratosis

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69
Q

clinical signs of pantothenic deficiency in skin

A

greying

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70
Q

main allergies of dogs

A

beef
dairy products
gluten

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71
Q

main allergies of cats

A

beef
dairy

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72
Q

clinical signs of allergies

A

itching
skin problems
diarrhoea
vomitting

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73
Q

differential diagnosis of allergies

A

FAD

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74
Q

diagnosis of allergies

A

elimination diet
diagnosis by challenging/ scarifcation/ elisa

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75
Q

aim of feeding allergies

A

reduce the chance of allergic response
unique protein source
ID of allergy
support healthy skin barrier

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76
Q

types of prescription diets for allergies

A

EUKANUBA
hydrolysed protein source and common carb source
Hypoallergic diet

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77
Q

hypoallergic diet for dogs

A

protein = fish
energy = spud

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78
Q

hypoallergic diet for cats

A

protein = lamb
energy = barley

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79
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

insulin dependant
IDDM

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80
Q

clinical signs of IDDM

A

hyperglycaemia
no insulin production
insufficient glucose absorption by cells

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81
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

non insulin dependant
NIDDM

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82
Q

clinical signs of NIDDM

A

hyperglycaemia and insulin resistance

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83
Q

type 3 diabetes

A

impaired glucose tolerance
high blood glucose at fasting

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84
Q

type 4 diabetes

A

gestational diabetes
P4 inhibits insulin actions

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85
Q

other clinical signs of DM

A

cataracts
dermatitis
PU/PD
polyneuroplasia

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86
Q

aim of dietary treatment for type 1

A

regulation of blood glucose by feeding
minimalise the prostprandial fluctuations

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87
Q

protein for dietary treatment for type 1

A

increase it to 25-30%

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88
Q

fibre for dietary treatment for type 1

A

15%

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89
Q

function of fibre for dietary treatment for type 1

A

slows glucose release
less postprandial glucose and insulin peak

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90
Q

fat for dietary treatment for type 1

A

10% any hihger would cause ketosis

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91
Q

complete carbs for dietary treatment for type 1

A

slow release glucose - 45-50% of DM
starch

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92
Q

what is the glycoaemic index

A

ranking of carbs on a scale from 0 - 100 according to the extent to which they raise blood glucose levels after eating

93
Q

high gi

A

fluctutations in the blood glucose level - juice

94
Q

low gi

A

smaller fluctuations - buckwheat

95
Q

2 names of insulin injections

A

Amorph
Crystallin Zn

96
Q

amorph insulin injection

A

quick absorption
short duration

97
Q

crystallin Zn insulin injection

A

slow absoprtion
longer acting

98
Q

daily routine of animal with IDDM

A

25% of ration in morning
then rest after 7-8hrs

99
Q

when to give insulin in IDDM animals

A

after feeding of first ration

100
Q

what to do with hospitalised IDDM animals

A

4-5feeds/day
2 injections

101
Q

pathophysiology of Congestive heart failure:
first step

A

decreased heart capacity

102
Q

pathophysiology of Congestive heart failure:
decreased heart capacity causes

A

decreased curculation and bp

103
Q

pathophysiology of Congestive heart failure:
decreased bp causes

A

poor renal perfusion

104
Q

pathophysiology of Congestive heart failure:
poor renal perfusions causes

A

activation of renin angiotensin aldosterone system

105
Q

pathophysiology of Congestive heart failure:
activated RAAS causes

A

Na and H20 retention

106
Q

pathophysiology of Congestive heart failure:
Retention cauases

A

water in thorax and abdomen

107
Q

pathophysiology of Congestive heart failure:
water in thorax and abdomen causes

A

increased load on the heart

108
Q

consequences of CHF

A

ascites
oedema
hydrothorax

109
Q

Nutritional Management of CHF:

A

decrease; Na (<0.25% of DM)
increase; protein, antioxidants and omega 3 in diet

110
Q

Nutritional Management of CHF
avoid

A

cheese
processed meals
cereals
liver
heart
kidney
treats

111
Q

Nutritional Management of CHF
give

A

beef
rabbit
chicken
rice
pasta

112
Q

Nutritional Management of CHF
supplements

A

taurine - cats
L carnitine - dogs

113
Q

prescription diet for heart failure animals

A

Hills h/d

114
Q

cause of acute pancreatitis

A

medication
infection
obesity
trauma
shock

115
Q

symptoms of acute pancreatitis

A

abdominal distension
lack of appetite
dehydration
vommiting
yellow/green faeces

116
Q

treatment of acute pancreatitis

A

nothing po for 3-5 days
then high carbs and low fat
3-5 small meals a day

117
Q

what happens in case of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

A

pancrease only produces 10% of normal enzymes

118
Q

cause of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

A

chronic pancreatitis
breed disposition
duct obstruction

119
Q

symptoms of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

A

rapid weight loss
poor coat
clay like stool
animal eats abnormal things
type 1 dm

120
Q

diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

A

serum trypsin like immunoreactivity
faecal elastase test
indigested particles in faeces

121
Q

giemsa stain

A

mm

122
Q

lugol stain

A

starch

123
Q

sudan stain

A

lipid

124
Q

aim of treatment of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

A

decrease intestinal load
avoid clinical signs
digestive enzyme replacement

125
Q

diet of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

A

high digestibility diet
low fat and fibre
small portions

126
Q

supplements of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

A

fat soluble vits
enzyme replacers

127
Q

names for enzyme replacers

A

bovine pancrease
lipase
trypsin

128
Q

what species is hepatic lipidosis common in

A

cats

129
Q

pathophys of hepatic lipidosis

A

circulation of fatty acids taken up by the liver resulting in hepatic cell degrdation

130
Q

clinical consequences of hepatic lipidosis

A

weight loss
lethargy
vomit
malnutrition

131
Q

aim of feeding in case of hepatic lipidosis

A

decrease metabolic load
support and restore liver function
avoid hepatic encephalopathy

132
Q

diet for hepatic lipidosis

A

decrease; protein
high energy and digestibility
NH3 traps e.g. lactulose

133
Q

supplements for diet of hepatic lipidosis

A

Vit B, K, E
L carnitine
taurine
arginine

134
Q

protein of hepatic lipidosis

A

dog - 15%
cat - 25%

135
Q

another name for wilsons disease

A

menkes disease
copper storage disease
coppe hepatotoxicosis

136
Q

predisposition to Wilsons disease

A

Bedlington terriers
Westies

137
Q

pathophys of Wilsons disease

A

dysfunction of ATP78 (a copper transporting protein)
therefore liver cant remove copper
therefore high levels of copper in liver and plasma

138
Q

what enzyme is lacking in Wilsons disease

A

metallothionine

139
Q

clinical consequences of Wilsons disease

A

gum bleeding
ascites
jaundice
anaemia
copper circle in eye

140
Q

aim of feeding Wilsons disease

A

decrease copper in diet
decrease in copper binding substances
decrease in protein load

141
Q

diet in case of Wilsons disease

A

low protein
avoid; liver, mushroom, chamomile, vitamin c

142
Q

deficiencys that influence skeletal system

A

Ca
vit d
vit e
thiamine

143
Q

another name for ca deficiency

A

rubber jaw disease

144
Q

what can rubber jaw disease lead to

A

secondary hyperparathyroidism

145
Q

cause of rubber jaw disease

A

poor balance of meat in the diet

146
Q

clinical signs of rubber jaw disease

A

reluctance to walk
poor bone density
lameness
poor results on a dexa scan

147
Q

treatment of rubber jaw disease

A

painkillers

148
Q

prevention of rubber jaw disease

A

limestone
calcium lactate
ca hypophospharium

149
Q

vitamin d deficiency

A

normally stimulated Ca conversion of kidney

150
Q

vitamin d deficiency consequences

A

rickets
osteomalacia
failure of normal mineralisation of newly formed osteoid tissue in young animals

151
Q

another name for vitamin E deficiency

A

yellow fat disease
panstetitis

152
Q

what species is vitamin E deficiency common in

A

cats

153
Q

cause of vitamin E deficiency

A

high polyunsat fats with low vit e causing cercoid pigments deposits in adipose tissue
therefore necrosis and inflammation

154
Q

clinical signs of vitamin E deficiency

A

anorexia
depression
general tenderness
sc fat lumpy and painful

155
Q

what species is thiamine deficiency most likely in

A

cats

156
Q

cause of thiamine deficiency

A

raw fidhs
thiaminase in day old chick
overcooked meat
canned food

157
Q

stages of thiamine deficiency

A

induction
critical
terminal stages

158
Q

clinical signs of stage 1 thiamine deficiency

A

anorexia
vomit
ataxia

159
Q

clinical signs of stage 2 thiamine deficiency

A

nervous signs
abnormal posture
ataxia
ventroflexion of head
convulsion

160
Q

clinical signs of stage 3 thiamine deficiency

A

weaker –> death

161
Q

clincial signs of hypervitiminosis A

A

poor coat
lethargy
neck pain
lameness
exostoses
pain in c, th and fl

162
Q

treatment of hypervitiminosis A

A

lipotrophic subtances

163
Q

example of lipotrophic substance

A

met
choline

164
Q

exostoses definition

A

benign growths of bones extending outwards

165
Q

what does Ca overload cause

A

hip dysplasia

166
Q

what does overfeeding of large breed puppies cause

A

OCD

167
Q

CP requirement of sporting dogs

A

23%

168
Q

NFE requirement of sporting dogs

A

40%

169
Q

diet of sporting dogs

A

increased; energy buy increasing fats

170
Q

are carbs digested well by sporting dogs

A

no

171
Q

CP of working dogs

A

30%

172
Q

fat of working dogs

A

20%

173
Q

ME sprinter vs heavy worker

A

sprinter < worker

174
Q

CP sprinter vs heavy worker

A

sprinter < worker

175
Q

CF sprinter vs heavy worker

A

sprinter = worker

176
Q

fat sprinter vs heavy worker

A

sprinter < worker

177
Q

NFE sprinter vs heavy worker

A

sprinter > worker

178
Q

components of feed of work dogs

A

meat
fish
viscera
whey powder
heat treated cereals

179
Q

antioxidants needed for work horse

A

vitamin e/selenium
omega 3

180
Q

why are antioxidants necessary in work horses

A

free radicals produced during work

181
Q

feeding of greyhounds ideal

A

50-70% red meat
1lg/day cereals

182
Q

risk for feeding of greyhounds

A

pathogens
bulky

183
Q

to prevent risks for greyhounds
give

A

high energy dense compound dry feed
400g/day
low bulk
high digestiblity

184
Q

breakfast of greyhounds

A

cooked cereal biscuits - carb based

185
Q

evening meal of greyhounds

A

lean meat and dry food with veg

186
Q

supplements of greyhounds

A

vit c, d, e, b2
iron, ca
electrolytes

187
Q

pathophys of tumerous animals

A

insulin resistance ==> decrease in CHO utilitsation

188
Q

clinical signs of tumerous animals

A

hyperglycaemia
hyperosmolarity
lactic acid production
prone to acidosis and inflammation
decreased appetite due to TNFalpha

189
Q

goal of dietary treatment of tumourous animals

A

inhibit metastasis
decreased of reoccurrence

190
Q

feeding principles of tumourous animals

A

personalised & according to cell type
bcs
re evaluation
dietetic anamness

191
Q

pre/post op phase
aim

A

to starve cancer cells

192
Q

what do cancer cells require

A

high energy, protein, minerals and vitamins

193
Q

pre/ post op phase of tumourous animals treatment

A

drastic feed limitation 1/4 maintenance.
100g food for 30kg dog

194
Q

aim of non operable tumourous animals

A

prolong life

195
Q

treatment of non operable tumourous animals

A

increase proteins, arginine, biotin all for urea cycle
antioxidants, pain relief, immunostimulating additives

196
Q

feed compounds of tumourous animals

A

low carbs
increased; fats, oils, protein
antioxidants

197
Q

DM of dog milk

A

23%

198
Q

DM of cat milk

A

19%

199
Q

DM of mare milk

A

13%

200
Q

energy of dog milk

A

5.8mj/day

201
Q

energy of cat milk

A

4.4 mj/day

202
Q

energy of mare milk

A

3mj/day

203
Q

CP of dog milk

A

7.8%

204
Q

CP of cat milk

A

8.1%

205
Q

CP of mare milk

A

2%

206
Q

fat of cat milk

A

5.1%

207
Q

fat of dog milk

A

9.8%

208
Q

fat of mare milk

A

1.6%

209
Q

lactose of dog milk

A

3.5%

210
Q

lactose of cat milk

A

6.9%

211
Q

lactose of mare milk

A

7%

212
Q

weight of puppies at birth

A

100-750g

213
Q

weight of kittens at birth

A

90-120g

214
Q

at what age does puppies bw double

A

first 8-10days

215
Q

at what age does kitten bw double

A

in first 2 weeks

216
Q

risks of abandoned kittens and puppies

A

hypothermia
hypoglycaemia
dehydration

217
Q

artificial milk replacer for puppies and kittens

A

scrambles meat
cottage cheese
rapeseed oil
yolk
skimmed milk

218
Q

why is goats milk a good milk substitute

A

no caesin which can cause allergies
fat is smaller and digested easier

219
Q

milk replacers for puppies

A

lactol
essential pet with colostrum
puppy milk

220
Q

milk quantity for puppies

A

16ml/100g bw
6-8times daily

221
Q

what to avoid in kittens

A

dog milk - ca deficiency
cow milk - low in protein and fat

222
Q

milk replacer in kittens

A

kitty milk formula
goat milk powder

223
Q

milk quantity of kittens

A

25ml/100g bw
6-8times/ day

224
Q

where does an abandoned foals first hour energy come from

A

newborn uses carbs stored in liver & glycogen in skeletal muscle

225
Q

where does energy for foal for hour 2-4hrs come from

A

stored fat

226
Q

what do normal foals consumer

A

20-25% bw in milk in first 5 weeks
17-20% after

227
Q

milk replacer recipe

A

600ml cows milk
400ml water
35g milk sugar
2 raw eggs

228
Q

creep feed for foals

A

1L oats/ day
increase each month 3months - 3L

Nutrition Oral (12 decks)

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