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Nutrition Oral > Cows B5-10 > Flashcards

Cows B5-10 Flashcards

1
Q

causes of rumen acidosis

A

excess concentrates causing an increase in lactic acid

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2
Q

type of concentrates that cause rumen acidosis

A

ractopamine hydrochloride supplement

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3
Q

consequences of rumen acidosis

A

decreased chewing leading to a decrease in saliva therefore a decrease in buffering capacity

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4
Q

consequences of decreased buffereing capacity

A

rumen atrophy
bloat diarrhoea
lactic acidaemia
laminitis
metabolic acidosis
liver abscess
thiamine deficiency

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5
Q

prevention of rumen acidosis

A

give some concentrates during the close up period
fibre supplement
buffers

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6
Q

when is the close up period

A

3 weeks before calving

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7
Q

what does fibre supplement do

A

maintain normal rumen fermentation

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8
Q

reasons for ketosis during pregnancy and lactation

A

glucose is required for lactose and milk fat production and ovarian follicles

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9
Q

reasons for ketosis after calving

A

there is a -ve energy balance
therefore body metabolises fat tissues

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10
Q

cause of ketosis in case of -ve energy balance

A

body metabolises fat tissue
acteyl coa is converted to ketone bodies
oxaoloacetate is used in GNG

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11
Q

consequences of ketosis

A

ketouria
acidosis
decreased milk production and fertility

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12
Q

what bcs of cow is ketosis more common in

A

> 3.5 more frequent in fatt cows
increased adipose tissue cause increase in leptin and inhibition of neuropeptide Y
thus decreasing feed intake causing a -ve energy balance

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13
Q

prevention of ketosis

A

reduce the -ve energy balance
look at the total mixed ration
give concentrates/ cereal grains
rumen protected glucose
bypass fat
molasses and sugar beet pulp
glucoplastic & heteroprotective substances

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14
Q

another name for clinical hypocalcaemia

A

milk fever

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15
Q

reasons for hypocalaemia

A

high ca in the cry period and alkaline diet
high value of cation-anion balance caused by K
low vitamin d

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16
Q

what doe a high value of cation-anion balance inhibit

A

pth action

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17
Q

cause of atypical milk fever

A

high p supplement
iinhibiting renal 1.25DHCC
decreaing ca absorption

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18
Q

consequence of hypocalcaemia

A

decreased muscle function
decreased gi and rumen motility
decreased uterine motility
decreased teat sphincter contraction
decreased immune function

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19
Q

prevention of milk fever

A

decrease cation anion balance to -50->-150
vitamin d injection
NH4Cl supplement as it has more anions

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20
Q

what odes NH4CL suuplement do

A

increase conc of anions
stimulate PTH production and Ca resoprtion of bones

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21
Q

when to give vit d injection

A

10 days prior to calving

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22
Q

optimal milk urea levels

A

3.5-6mmol/l

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23
Q

what does an increase in NH3 and a decrease in energy cause

A

N is wasted in urine and milk

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24
Q

what does decrease in NH3 and increase in energy cause

A

lactate is produced because energy is not used for protein synthesis

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25
Q

cause of milk urea > optimal

A

excess ruminal degradable protein
or low ruminal fermentation carbohydrate

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26
Q

why is the first phase of lactation so important

A

fertility can decrease due to excess ammonia therefor decreasedpH

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27
Q

consequence of feeding surplus nitrogen

A

increase feed cost due to energy loss
waste of protein
liver damage
reproduction disorders
urea in milk
pollution in environment

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28
Q

factors influencing milk urea conc

A

cow - nutrition, breed maturity, health, bw
environment - housing. summer/winter
sample collection - morning/afternoon. skimmed or whole milk

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29
Q

direct milk analysis

A

urea & reagent = colour transformation

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30
Q

indirect milk analysis

A

urea & urease = NH3 and CO2 - measure NH3 via keildahl method

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31
Q

normal levels of betahydroxybutyrate

A

<1mmol/l

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32
Q

normal levels of acetoacetate

A

<0.4mmol/l

33
Q

normal levels of acetone

A

<0.7mmool/l

34
Q

primary ketosis

A

starvation leads to energy deficit and decreased milk production

35
Q

secondary ketosis

A

other diseases cause a decrease in appetite

36
Q

when does primary ketosis occur

A

weeks 3-6 of lactation

37
Q

when does secondary ketosis occur

A

in early lactation

38
Q

ketonuric index

A

practical indicator to evaluate energy balance
indicates seriousness of ketone body presence

39
Q

rothera test for ketone bodies

A

purple is positive

40
Q

east recovery

A

<20-25g/dl

41
Q

life threatening

A

> 40g/dl

42
Q

cause of washy pasture

A

early spring have increase moisture and protein

43
Q

consequence of washy pasture

A

diarrhoea

44
Q

treatment of washy pasture

A

give hay and straw prior to going to pasture

45
Q

cause of vitamin a deficiency

A

bleached hay and winter

46
Q

consequence of vitamin a deficiency

A

decreased skin and mm protection
decreased reproduction
decreased bone growth and development in calves

47
Q

treatment of vitamin a deficiency

A

supplementation

48
Q

mg deficiency consequences

A

hyperexcitability
muscle twitching
staggers
stiff gait
muscle spasm
collapse
death

49
Q

cause of mg deficiency

A

in lactating cows where blood ca levels are low

50
Q

prevention of mg deficiency

A

grass legume pasture given first
give salt to help with mg transport to cells

51
Q

consequence of vit e deficiency

A

muscular dystrophy in calves
decreased immune response in older cows

52
Q

cardiac form of white muscle disease

A

rapid onset and sudden death

53
Q

skeletal form of white muscle disease

A

slow onset and difficulty swallowing

54
Q

cause of thiamine deficiency

A

intensive fattening
grains cause decrease in ruminal pH and decrease in thiaminase producing bacteria
no thiamine utilisation

55
Q

cause of vit d and ca deficiency

A

due to intensive fattening
high grain intake with low ca

56
Q

result of ca deficiency

A

breaking down of the heel bone and achilles tendon

57
Q

result of copper deficiency

A

coat discoloration

58
Q

cause of urea toxicity

A

urea supplementation and molasses

59
Q

consequence of ammonia poisoning

A

salivation
convulsions
incoordination
death

60
Q

treatment of urea posioning

A

4L treatment
40L cold water
iv acetic acid

61
Q

cause of nitrate toxicity

A

n fertilisers
manure
water

62
Q

consequences of nitrate toxicity

A

abortion and decrease of DMI

63
Q

consequence of heat stress

A

decrease in DMI

64
Q

urolithiasis treatment

A

acidifiers
Ca:P 2:1

65
Q

consequence of urolithiasis

A

urinary bladder rupture

66
Q

cause of urolithiasis

A

intense fattening – struvite

67
Q

sand impaction cause

A

soil type

68
Q

what does sand impaction affect

A

reticulum, rumen, abomasum
latent causes death

69
Q

frothy bloat cause

A

alfalfa and clovers
high CP and frost increase the risk

70
Q

prevention of frothy bloat

A

tannin containing legumes break up stable foam and decreased bloat

71
Q

cause of acidosis

A

intensive fattening and high concentrate diet
pH <6

72
Q

prevention of acidosis

A

forages and buffers

73
Q

cause of hardware disease

A

traumatic gastritis/reticulitis
caused by heavy objects

74
Q

consequence of hardware disease

A

severe organ damage => pericarditis

75
Q

treatment of hardware disease

A

magnets and surgery

76
Q

cause of hydrocyanic toxicity

A

sorghum, sudan grass (cyanogenic glycosides) prussic acid

77
Q

consequnce of hydrocyanic toxicity

A

resp failure and death

78
Q

prevention of hydrocyanic toxicity

A

grazing management
hay

Nutrition Oral (12 decks)

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