Cows B5-10 Flashcards
causes of rumen acidosis
excess concentrates causing an increase in lactic acid
type of concentrates that cause rumen acidosis
ractopamine hydrochloride supplement
consequences of rumen acidosis
decreased chewing leading to a decrease in saliva therefore a decrease in buffering capacity
consequences of decreased buffereing capacity
rumen atrophy
bloat diarrhoea
lactic acidaemia
laminitis
metabolic acidosis
liver abscess
thiamine deficiency
prevention of rumen acidosis
give some concentrates during the close up period
fibre supplement
buffers
when is the close up period
3 weeks before calving
what does fibre supplement do
maintain normal rumen fermentation
reasons for ketosis during pregnancy and lactation
glucose is required for lactose and milk fat production and ovarian follicles
reasons for ketosis after calving
there is a -ve energy balance
therefore body metabolises fat tissues
cause of ketosis in case of -ve energy balance
body metabolises fat tissue
acteyl coa is converted to ketone bodies
oxaoloacetate is used in GNG
consequences of ketosis
ketouria
acidosis
decreased milk production and fertility
what bcs of cow is ketosis more common in
> 3.5 more frequent in fatt cows
increased adipose tissue cause increase in leptin and inhibition of neuropeptide Y
thus decreasing feed intake causing a -ve energy balance
prevention of ketosis
reduce the -ve energy balance
look at the total mixed ration
give concentrates/ cereal grains
rumen protected glucose
bypass fat
molasses and sugar beet pulp
glucoplastic & heteroprotective substances
another name for clinical hypocalcaemia
milk fever
reasons for hypocalaemia
high ca in the cry period and alkaline diet
high value of cation-anion balance caused by K
low vitamin d
what doe a high value of cation-anion balance inhibit
pth action
cause of atypical milk fever
high p supplement
iinhibiting renal 1.25DHCC
decreaing ca absorption
consequence of hypocalcaemia
decreased muscle function
decreased gi and rumen motility
decreased uterine motility
decreased teat sphincter contraction
decreased immune function
prevention of milk fever
decrease cation anion balance to -50->-150
vitamin d injection
NH4Cl supplement as it has more anions
what odes NH4CL suuplement do
increase conc of anions
stimulate PTH production and Ca resoprtion of bones
when to give vit d injection
10 days prior to calving
optimal milk urea levels
3.5-6mmol/l
what does an increase in NH3 and a decrease in energy cause
N is wasted in urine and milk
what does decrease in NH3 and increase in energy cause
lactate is produced because energy is not used for protein synthesis
cause of milk urea > optimal
excess ruminal degradable protein
or low ruminal fermentation carbohydrate
why is the first phase of lactation so important
fertility can decrease due to excess ammonia therefor decreasedpH
consequence of feeding surplus nitrogen
increase feed cost due to energy loss
waste of protein
liver damage
reproduction disorders
urea in milk
pollution in environment
factors influencing milk urea conc
cow - nutrition, breed maturity, health, bw
environment - housing. summer/winter
sample collection - morning/afternoon. skimmed or whole milk
direct milk analysis
urea & reagent = colour transformation
indirect milk analysis
urea & urease = NH3 and CO2 - measure NH3 via keildahl method
normal levels of betahydroxybutyrate
<1mmol/l
normal levels of acetoacetate
<0.4mmol/l
normal levels of acetone
<0.7mmool/l
primary ketosis
starvation leads to energy deficit and decreased milk production
secondary ketosis
other diseases cause a decrease in appetite
when does primary ketosis occur
weeks 3-6 of lactation
when does secondary ketosis occur
in early lactation
ketonuric index
practical indicator to evaluate energy balance
indicates seriousness of ketone body presence
rothera test for ketone bodies
purple is positive
east recovery
<20-25g/dl
life threatening
> 40g/dl
cause of washy pasture
early spring have increase moisture and protein
consequence of washy pasture
diarrhoea
treatment of washy pasture
give hay and straw prior to going to pasture
cause of vitamin a deficiency
bleached hay and winter
consequence of vitamin a deficiency
decreased skin and mm protection
decreased reproduction
decreased bone growth and development in calves
treatment of vitamin a deficiency
supplementation
mg deficiency consequences
hyperexcitability
muscle twitching
staggers
stiff gait
muscle spasm
collapse
death
cause of mg deficiency
in lactating cows where blood ca levels are low
prevention of mg deficiency
grass legume pasture given first
give salt to help with mg transport to cells
consequence of vit e deficiency
muscular dystrophy in calves
decreased immune response in older cows
cardiac form of white muscle disease
rapid onset and sudden death
skeletal form of white muscle disease
slow onset and difficulty swallowing
cause of thiamine deficiency
intensive fattening
grains cause decrease in ruminal pH and decrease in thiaminase producing bacteria
no thiamine utilisation
cause of vit d and ca deficiency
due to intensive fattening
high grain intake with low ca
result of ca deficiency
breaking down of the heel bone and achilles tendon
result of copper deficiency
coat discoloration
cause of urea toxicity
urea supplementation and molasses
consequence of ammonia poisoning
salivation
convulsions
incoordination
death
treatment of urea posioning
4L treatment
40L cold water
iv acetic acid
cause of nitrate toxicity
n fertilisers
manure
water
consequences of nitrate toxicity
abortion and decrease of DMI
consequence of heat stress
decrease in DMI
urolithiasis treatment
acidifiers
Ca:P 2:1
consequence of urolithiasis
urinary bladder rupture
cause of urolithiasis
intense fattening – struvite
sand impaction cause
soil type
what does sand impaction affect
reticulum, rumen, abomasum
latent causes death
frothy bloat cause
alfalfa and clovers
high CP and frost increase the risk
prevention of frothy bloat
tannin containing legumes break up stable foam and decreased bloat
cause of acidosis
intensive fattening and high concentrate diet
pH <6
prevention of acidosis
forages and buffers
cause of hardware disease
traumatic gastritis/reticulitis
caused by heavy objects
consequence of hardware disease
severe organ damage => pericarditis
treatment of hardware disease
magnets and surgery
cause of hydrocyanic toxicity
sorghum, sudan grass (cyanogenic glycosides) prussic acid
consequnce of hydrocyanic toxicity
resp failure and death
prevention of hydrocyanic toxicity
grazing management
hay
