Cows A11- A19 Flashcards
pH of rumen
6.5
what maintains the pH of the rumen
saliva
quantity of saliva produced each day
20L/day
function of saliva
acts as a buffer
what does saliva contain
HCO3
HPO4^2-
what happens in case of low chewing
decreased saliva
decreased buffer capacity
acidosis
structural carbohydrates feed types
hay/roughage
non structural carbohydrates feed types
cereals
nutrients of structural carbohydrates
cellulose
hemicellulose
pectin
nutrients of non structural carbohydrates
starch
fructose
sucrose
degradation of cellulose and hemicellulose
occurs at pH6-7
cellulose and hemicellulose degrade into
acetic acid
succinate
ethanol
formic acid
CO2
H2
pectin degrades into
VFA
lactic acid
succinate
starch and sugar are degraded by
streptococcus bovis
starch and sugar degrade into
lactic acid
acetic acid
proprionic acid
succinate
ethanol
sugar is degraded by
protozoa
sugar degrades into
acetate
butyrate
H2
succinate fermentive bacteria
co2
proprionic acid
what type of enzymes does bacteria in the rumen produce
extracellular enzymes
what do EC enzymes do
polysaccharides —> pyruvate
what do IC enzymes do
pyruvate –> VFA and ATP
quantity of VFA produced
3-4kg/day
3 VFA
acetate
propionate
butyrate
what does acetate break down to
AcCoa –> fat or ketone bodies
consequence of increasing roughage on acetate
increases therefore decreases amylitic bacteria and increasing cellulocytic bacteria
what does propionate break down to
energy
GNG producing glucose
what does butyrate break down to
energy
ketones
CP of ruminants
total N x 6.25 (true protein & NPN)
first step of protein degradation
to peptides by bacterial protease
second step of protein degradation
peptides to amino acids by peptidase
3rd step of protein degradation
amino acids to NH3, CO2, VFA by deamination
how is urea degraded
to NH3 by urease
What type of protein does a cow eat
CP
in the cow what happens to UDP
UDP + microbial protein –> amino acids to tissues and mammary glands
in the cow what are the 3 protein types
UDP
NPN
RDP
in the cow what happens to NPN
NPN –> NH3
NH3 becomes either energy or microbial protein
in the cow what happens RDP
RDP –> NH3
the 2 protein requirements of Ru
MPN
MPE
what is MP
metabolizable protein
the amino acids available in the small intestine
UDP + microbial protein
MPN
nitrogen dependant metabolisable protein
MPE
energy dependant metabolisable protein
how to increase UDP in feed
heat protein
formaldehyde treatment
maillard reaction
capping
function of capping
provides a lipid layer around methionine to prevent ruminal breakdown
function of formaldehyde treatment
binds to free amino acids which decompose in the intestines
function of maillard reaction
degradation of connection between proteins and carbs
foods with high RDP
cereals, not maize
field bean
soybean
grass hay
grass haylage
foods with medium RDP
maize
peas
sunflower meal
rapeseed
silomaize
fresh grass
foods with low RDP
sorghum
maize gluten
fish meal
pelleted alfalfa
what concentrate helps ammonia and energy curves meet
molasses
UFP definition
urea fermentation potential
how much urea is in 1kg DM
UFP equation -ew
(1.044TDN – degradation of protein) / 2.8
factors influencing ruminal degradation of feed proteins
protein degrading activity of rumen microbes
protein structure
sources of protein in the small intestine
By pass protein
protein synthesized in rumen
endogenous protein
utilisation of RDP
90%
utilisation of NPN
80%
requirement of by pass soybean protein
0.5-1kg
requirement of by pass methionine
10-20g/day
what feed type would you find simple fats?
seeds
what feed type would you find composed lipids
roughages
what type of fat is simple
triglyceride
what type of fat is composed
phospholipid
galactolipid
types of lipids in the diet
triglyceride
phospholipid
galactolipid
first step of lipid degradation
by bacterial lipase to glycerol & galactose and FA
linolenic acid hydrogenisation
linolenic acid + H+ –> stearic acid
linoleic acid hydrogenisation
linoleic acid + H+ –> oleic acid
how does an unsaturated fat become saturated
hydrogenised in the rumen
what type of fats do green forages have
unsat
as they spend less time in the rumen
if dairy cow needs more energy
dont give concentrates
why not give concentrates to dairy cow if they need more energy
decreased chewing
decreased saliva
increased VFA
acidosis
if dairy cow needs more energy give
more fats
5-8% DM
function of fat in rumen
dissolve fats and surround fibres
therefore no access for enzyme microbial digestion
decreasing acetate
lipid supplementation in the diet
(3)
ether extract
plant origin feedstuff
by pass fat
ether extract content of diet
2.5-3%
plant origin feedstuffs
2-3%
protected or bypass fats
2-3%
total lipid supplementation
5-8%
1.2-1.5kg
feed additives
yeast
buffer
main product of beef
offspring
main product of dairy cows
mother’s milk is main product
bw of calves at birth
40-50kg
bw of calves at 3months
80-110kg
bw of calves at 6 months
180-200kg
ruminoreticulum abomasum ratio at 1 month
0.5
ruminoreticulum abomasum ratio at 2 months
1.5
ruminoreticulum abomasum ratio at 4 months
4.5
feeding of calf from day 0 - week 1
8-10L/ day colostrum
feeding of calf from week 1 - 1 month
6-7L/day
feeding of calf from month 1 - month 2
5-6L/day
feeding of calf from month 2 - month 3
3-4L/day
feeding of calf from 3 months - 6months
> 1.5kg/day dry feed
What increases the size of the rumen
increase in VFA
how to improve microbiome etablishment
give solid feeds from week 2
what triggers papilla development
fibres from hay
oesophageal groove reflex
directs milk from moth to abomasum
temp of milk replacer
37-38o
conditions of milk replacer that causes the oesophageal reflex
intake
age
chemicals - copper sulphate
water requirement of calf at month 1
8-10L/day
water requirement of calf at month 2
10-15L/day
caesin digestion
prorenin becomes renin for caesin fermentation
how is milk fat digested
by lipase
how is lactose digested
lactase
(because - maltose, saccharose dont develop until 3-4weeks)
calf rearing system of beef
traditional
calf rearing system of dairy
liquid/artifical
week 1 of calf rearing
within 2 hours
4L of colostrum is required
week 1 of calf rearing
day 1& 2
8-10L colostrum daily divided into 4 feeds
week 1 of calf rearing
35L in total
Ig in colostrum
6%
Ig in milk
0.09%
Mg in colostrum
0.04%
Mg in milk
0.01%
what has higher vitamins
colstrum > milk
week 2 in traditional calf rearing
direct suckling
waste of milk
unbalanced nutrient supply
week 2 in liquid calf rearing
38-40oC
whole milk + whole milk powder
or
skim milk+ fat supplement + water
or
protein supplement + fat supplement
milk replacer
skin milk powder + whey + soy protein + fat
day 10- 21 of calf rearing
6L/day milk
day 22-56 of calf rearing
8L/day
day 57-70 of calf rearing
7L/day
last week prior to weaning
3L/day divded in 2 and given with food
calf starter cp
18-19% given with meadow hay
why is meadow hay given with calf starter
high in cp
low in cf
when is weaning in calves
day 60-90
how is weaning time in calves determines
once calf eats 1.5kg/day dry feed
when is grower feed started
1 week post weaning
when is post rearing
5-6months of age
goal of rearing
800g bw daily gain
feed of rearing
2-2.5kg concentrates
ad lib roughage
what is the age and weight of a heifer
5-6months
bw 200kg
when does isometric growth occur in heifers
from birth to weaning
from insemination to calving
when does allometric growth occur
from day 90
what is puberty onset dependant on
weight not age
bw at weaning
80-110kg
weight at insemination
330-350kg
weight at first calving
530kg
length of gestation
283days
height of withers at insemination
110-120cm
height of withers at calving
130cm
bcs at time of calving
3.5
very slow rearing intensity
low bw gain
late breeding
18months
moderate rearing intensity
small frame
700g bw/day gain
bred before 18months
intense rearing intensity
800-900gbw/day gain
breed before 18months
improved milk yield
physiologically intense rearing intensity
1000-1200g bw/day gain
breeding at 12-13months
economical but difficult calvin
NEm of dairy heifer
23-24 mj/day DM
NEg of dairy heifer
26.6 mj/day
cp of dairy heifer
10-11%
what are ovaries sensitive to
NH3
cf of dairy heifers
6%
Examples of roughage for dairy heifers
hay
maize
stalks
silage
pasture
in case of high VFA in blood
increase roughage
in case of low VFA in blood
increase concentrates
quantity of green forages at 6-7months
15-18kg
quantity of green forages at 9-12months
20-25kg
quantity of silage for heifers
5-10kg
quantity of hay for heifers
1-3kg
quantity of concentrate of heifers
2-3kg
period 1 of feeding beef heifers
from 0 - 5-6months -weaning
period 2 of feeding beef heifers
from weaning to mating
period 3 of feeding beef heifers
from mating to calving
period goal of phase 1
fast development
no grazing
feeding of phase 1 of beef heifers
10-15kg DM + 1.5-2.5kg concentrates
bw of phase 2 beef heifers
70% of adult weight
daily gain of phase 2 beef heifers
700-750g/day bw gain
how early do you mate beef heifers
2 weeks earlier than dairy
feeding of phase 3 and 4 beef heifers
pasture
corn stubble
protein
vit a
what is weight at phase 4
85-90% adult weight
energy requirements of beef heifers
NEm = 0.322 x BW^0.75
NEl = 4,184 MJ/day
feed of phase 4 beef heifers
cheap as possible
grazing and hays
sorghum
no NPN
fattening methods
steers
calf fattening system
baby beef
young bull fattening
intensice young bull fattening
young dairy heifer
improve old dairy cow
traditional growing bull length of feeding
from weaning to 16-18months of fattening
feed of traditional growing bull
forages and concentrates
end bw of traditional growing bull and daily gain
1000g daily bw
500-600end kg
intensive growing bull length of feeding
from weaning to 13-15months of fattening
feed of intensive growing bull
forages and concentrates
end bw of intensive growing bull and daily gain
500-600 end kg
1300g daily gain
angus heifer and bull length of feeding
from weaning to 9-10months of age
end weight of angus bull and heifer
> 650kg
daily bw gain of angus heifer
1300g
daily bw gain of angus bull
1500g
feed of angus heifers and bulls
sorghum silage
oat
grass
lucerne haylage
corn gluten feed
summer feed of beef heifers
increased concentrates compared to dairy cows
winter feed of beef heifers
silage and protein
what is homeorhesis
harmonised metabolic changes on tissue level
redistribution of nutrients
phase 1 lactation
early lactation
day 0 - 70
goal of phase 1 lactation
reach peak dm intake
maintain peak lactation
halt any loss in body weight
energy balance of phase 1 lcatation
-ve
can cause ketosis
loss of body weight of phase 1 lacation
40kg
prerequisite of reinsemination
dw doesnt decrease
dominance of gonadotropic hormone and insulin
ratio of forage: concentrates in phase 1 of lactation
40:60
cf of phase 1 lacation
15-17%
too high can cause acidosis
cp of phase 1 lacation
cp = 17-18%
NEl of phase 1 lactation
6.8-7.2MJ/kg dm
DM of mixed feeds of phase 1 lactation
95-100g/kg DM
phase 2 of lactation length
day 70-140
when does reinsemination occur
day 85
energy balance of 2nd phase of lactation
0 or +ve
forage: conc ratio of 2nd phase lactation
50:50
CF of 2nd phase lactation
17-18%
NEl of 2nd phase lactation
6.2-6.4MJ/dau
when to check bcs
after calvin
in first 1–days of lactation
200days of lcatation
after drying off
during dryinf ogg
phase 3 of lactation
mid-late lactation
day 140-305
forage: concentrate ratio of phase 3 of lactation
60:40
milk production during phase 3 of lactation
decreased
NEl during phase 3 of lactation
5.6-6mj/day
aim of phase 3 of lactation
promote body reserve
bcs of phase 3 of lactation
3.5
risks of phase 3 of lactation
fatty cow disease
improtant vitamins and minerals of lactation
Ca
P
Mg
Na, K, Cl
Vit - B, A, D, E, carotene
Ca requirement of dairy cows in lactation
4.4g/100kg bw
P requirement of dairy cows in lcatation
3.4g
durination for phase 4 dry period
day 305-350
aim of phase 4 dry period
minimalise metabolic problems
increase milk yield in next lacation
Ca of phase 4 dry period
6.1g/100kg bw
P of phase 4 dry period
4.2 g/100kg bw
why keep nutrients low
prevent ketosis and fatty liver disease
cp of phase 4 dry period
12%
Duration of phase 5 transition period
day 350-365
aim of phase 5 transition period
adjust rumen bacteria to get used to lactation feed
Ca:P during calving
ratio needs o be lower therefore decrease Ca
cp phase 5 transition period
14-16%
Cation Anion Balance ideally
between -50 and -150
anionic supplements
100g NH4Cl + 100gMgSO4 /day
5 compounds that have an advantageous effect of rumen
yeast culture
buffers
nicotinic acid
CAB
glucogenic compounds
quantity of yeast to give
5g/cow/day
4g/cattle/day
funcction of yeast in rumen
removes o2 giving anaerobic conditions
increase bacterial viability
increase celluloysis and flow of microbial protein
increasing food intake and productivity
examples of yeast
saccharomyces cerevisae
aspergillus oryzae
function of buffer
maintain pH of 6.2-6.8
examples of buffers
NaH2PO4
NaHCO3
quantity of NaHCO3
100-150g/day
alkalysing agentds function
increase pH
examples of alkalysing agents
HgO
Na2CO3
function of nicotinic acid
bacterial niacin decreases postpartum
needed for metabolism of carbs, proteins, fat
if CAB is outside the balance what happens
acidosis and increased Ca metabolism form bones
examples of glucogenic compounds
gylcerol
propylenglycol
glucose balance
stage 1 of beef cows yearly cycle duration
0-80days
protein of stage 1 of beef cows yearly cycle
160%
Energy of stage 1 of beef cows yearly cycle
maintenance + 60%
bcs of stage 1 of beef cows yearly cycle
2.5
milk production of stage 1 of beef cows yearly cycle
6-10L/day
forages of stage 1 of beef cows yearly cycle
hay
straw
silage
concentrates of stage 1 of beef cows yearly cycle
barley
oat
corn
urea
stage 2 of beef cows yearly cycle duration
day 80 - weaning (day 205)
125days
when do you wean a beef cow
240kg
6-7months
protein of stage 2 of beef cows yearly cycle
134%
milk production of stage 2 of beef cows yearly cycle
decreased
energy of stage 2 of beef cows yearly cycle
maintenacne +40-50%
feed of stage 2 of beef cows yearly cycle
pasture
supplementary feeds
vitamins and minerals and salts
stage 3 of beef cows yearly cycle duration
day 205- 315
110days
from weaning to just before 2nd calvin
protein of stage 3 of beef cows yearly cycle
100%
energy of stage 3 of beef cows yearly cycle
maintenance
Types of feed of stage 3 of beef cows yearly cycle
pasture, corn stubble, protein supplements
protein supplements
urea
sunflower
alfalfa
concentrates for stage 3 of beef cows yearly cycle
decrease to prevent over feeding and calving difficulty
stage 4 of beef cows yearly cycle duration
day 315-360
50days
stage 4 of beef cows yearly cycle energy
maintenance +40 -50%
stage 4 of beef cows yearly cycle protein
119%
