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nutrition oral > Cows A11- A19 > Flashcards

Cows A11- A19 Flashcards

1
Q

pH of rumen

A

6.5

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2
Q

what maintains the pH of the rumen

A

saliva

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3
Q

quantity of saliva produced each day

A

20L/day

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4
Q

function of saliva

A

acts as a buffer

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5
Q

what does saliva contain

A

HCO3
HPO4^2-

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6
Q

what happens in case of low chewing

A

decreased saliva
decreased buffer capacity
acidosis

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7
Q

structural carbohydrates feed types

A

hay/roughage

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8
Q

non structural carbohydrates feed types

A

cereals

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9
Q

nutrients of structural carbohydrates

A

cellulose
hemicellulose
pectin

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10
Q

nutrients of non structural carbohydrates

A

starch
fructose
sucrose

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11
Q

degradation of cellulose and hemicellulose

A

occurs at pH6-7

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12
Q

cellulose and hemicellulose degrade into

A

acetic acid
succinate
ethanol
formic acid
CO2
H2

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13
Q

pectin degrades into

A

VFA
lactic acid
succinate

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14
Q

starch and sugar are degraded by

A

streptococcus bovis

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15
Q

starch and sugar degrade into

A

lactic acid
acetic acid
proprionic acid
succinate
ethanol

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16
Q

sugar is degraded by

A

protozoa

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17
Q

sugar degrades into

A

acetate
butyrate
H2

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18
Q

succinate fermentive bacteria

A

co2
proprionic acid

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19
Q

what type of enzymes does bacteria in the rumen produce

A

extracellular enzymes

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20
Q

what do EC enzymes do

A

polysaccharides —> pyruvate

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21
Q

what do IC enzymes do

A

pyruvate –> VFA and ATP

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22
Q

quantity of VFA produced

A

3-4kg/day

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23
Q

3 VFA

A

acetate
propionate
butyrate

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24
Q

what does acetate break down to

A

AcCoa –> fat or ketone bodies

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25
Q

consequence of increasing roughage on acetate

A

increases therefore decreases amylitic bacteria and increasing cellulocytic bacteria

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26
Q

what does propionate break down to

A

energy
GNG producing glucose

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27
Q

what does butyrate break down to

A

energy
ketones

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28
Q

CP of ruminants

A

total N x 6.25 (true protein & NPN)

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29
Q

first step of protein degradation

A

to peptides by bacterial protease

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30
Q

second step of protein degradation

A

peptides to amino acids by peptidase

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31
Q

3rd step of protein degradation

A

amino acids to NH3, CO2, VFA by deamination

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32
Q

how is urea degraded

A

to NH3 by urease

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33
Q

What type of protein does a cow eat

A

CP

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34
Q

in the cow what happens to UDP

A

UDP + microbial protein –> amino acids to tissues and mammary glands

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35
Q

in the cow what are the 3 protein types

A

UDP
NPN
RDP

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36
Q

in the cow what happens to NPN

A

NPN –> NH3
NH3 becomes either energy or microbial protein

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37
Q

in the cow what happens RDP

A

RDP –> NH3

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38
Q

the 2 protein requirements of Ru

A

MPN
MPE

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39
Q

what is MP

A

metabolizable protein
the amino acids available in the small intestine
UDP + microbial protein

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40
Q

MPN

A

nitrogen dependant metabolisable protein

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41
Q

MPE

A

energy dependant metabolisable protein

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42
Q

how to increase UDP in feed

A

heat protein
formaldehyde treatment
maillard reaction
capping

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43
Q

function of capping

A

provides a lipid layer around methionine to prevent ruminal breakdown

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44
Q

function of formaldehyde treatment

A

binds to free amino acids which decompose in the intestines

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45
Q

function of maillard reaction

A

degradation of connection between proteins and carbs

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46
Q

foods with high RDP

A

cereals, not maize
field bean
soybean
grass hay
grass haylage

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47
Q

foods with medium RDP

A

maize
peas
sunflower meal
rapeseed
silomaize
fresh grass

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48
Q

foods with low RDP

A

sorghum
maize gluten
fish meal
pelleted alfalfa

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49
Q

what concentrate helps ammonia and energy curves meet

A

molasses

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50
Q

UFP definition

A

urea fermentation potential
how much urea is in 1kg DM

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51
Q

UFP equation -ew

A

(1.044TDN – degradation of protein) / 2.8

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52
Q

factors influencing ruminal degradation of feed proteins

A

protein degrading activity of rumen microbes
protein structure

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53
Q

sources of protein in the small intestine

A

By pass protein
protein synthesized in rumen
endogenous protein

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54
Q

utilisation of RDP

A

90%

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55
Q

utilisation of NPN

A

80%

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56
Q

requirement of by pass soybean protein

A

0.5-1kg

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57
Q

requirement of by pass methionine

A

10-20g/day

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58
Q

what feed type would you find simple fats?

A

seeds

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59
Q

what feed type would you find composed lipids

A

roughages

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60
Q

what type of fat is simple

A

triglyceride

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61
Q

what type of fat is composed

A

phospholipid
galactolipid

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62
Q

types of lipids in the diet

A

triglyceride
phospholipid
galactolipid

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63
Q

first step of lipid degradation

A

by bacterial lipase to glycerol & galactose and FA

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64
Q

linolenic acid hydrogenisation

A

linolenic acid + H+ –> stearic acid

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65
Q

linoleic acid hydrogenisation

A

linoleic acid + H+ –> oleic acid

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66
Q

how does an unsaturated fat become saturated

A

hydrogenised in the rumen

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67
Q

what type of fats do green forages have

A

unsat
as they spend less time in the rumen

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68
Q

if dairy cow needs more energy

A

dont give concentrates

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69
Q

why not give concentrates to dairy cow if they need more energy

A

decreased chewing
decreased saliva
increased VFA
acidosis

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70
Q

if dairy cow needs more energy give

A

more fats
5-8% DM

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71
Q

function of fat in rumen

A

dissolve fats and surround fibres
therefore no access for enzyme microbial digestion
decreasing acetate

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72
Q

lipid supplementation in the diet
(3)

A

ether extract
plant origin feedstuff
by pass fat

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73
Q

ether extract content of diet

A

2.5-3%

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74
Q

plant origin feedstuffs

A

2-3%

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75
Q

protected or bypass fats

A

2-3%

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76
Q

total lipid supplementation

A

5-8%
1.2-1.5kg

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77
Q

feed additives

A

yeast
buffer

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78
Q

main product of beef

A

offspring

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79
Q

main product of dairy cows

A

mother’s milk is main product

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80
Q

bw of calves at birth

A

40-50kg

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81
Q

bw of calves at 3months

A

80-110kg

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82
Q

bw of calves at 6 months

A

180-200kg

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83
Q

ruminoreticulum abomasum ratio at 1 month

A

0.5

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84
Q

ruminoreticulum abomasum ratio at 2 months

A

1.5

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85
Q

ruminoreticulum abomasum ratio at 4 months

A

4.5

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86
Q

feeding of calf from day 0 - week 1

A

8-10L/ day colostrum

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87
Q

feeding of calf from week 1 - 1 month

A

6-7L/day

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88
Q

feeding of calf from month 1 - month 2

A

5-6L/day

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89
Q

feeding of calf from month 2 - month 3

A

3-4L/day

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90
Q

feeding of calf from 3 months - 6months

A

> 1.5kg/day dry feed

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91
Q

What increases the size of the rumen

A

increase in VFA

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92
Q

how to improve microbiome etablishment

A

give solid feeds from week 2

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93
Q

what triggers papilla development

A

fibres from hay

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94
Q

oesophageal groove reflex

A

directs milk from moth to abomasum

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95
Q

temp of milk replacer

A

37-38o

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96
Q

conditions of milk replacer that causes the oesophageal reflex

A

intake
age
chemicals - copper sulphate

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97
Q

water requirement of calf at month 1

A

8-10L/day

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98
Q

water requirement of calf at month 2

A

10-15L/day

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99
Q

caesin digestion

A

prorenin becomes renin for caesin fermentation

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100
Q

how is milk fat digested

A

by lipase

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101
Q

how is lactose digested

A

lactase
(because - maltose, saccharose dont develop until 3-4weeks)

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102
Q

calf rearing system of beef

A

traditional

103
Q

calf rearing system of dairy

A

liquid/artifical

104
Q

week 1 of calf rearing
within 2 hours

A

4L of colostrum is required

105
Q

week 1 of calf rearing
day 1& 2

A

8-10L colostrum daily divided into 4 feeds

106
Q

week 1 of calf rearing

A

35L in total

107
Q

Ig in colostrum

A

6%

108
Q

Ig in milk

A

0.09%

109
Q

Mg in colostrum

A

0.04%

110
Q

Mg in milk

A

0.01%

111
Q

what has higher vitamins

A

colstrum > milk

112
Q

week 2 in traditional calf rearing

A

direct suckling
waste of milk
unbalanced nutrient supply

113
Q

week 2 in liquid calf rearing

A

38-40oC
whole milk + whole milk powder
or
skim milk+ fat supplement + water
or
protein supplement + fat supplement

114
Q

milk replacer

A

skin milk powder + whey + soy protein + fat

115
Q

day 10- 21 of calf rearing

A

6L/day milk

116
Q

day 22-56 of calf rearing

A

8L/day

117
Q

day 57-70 of calf rearing

A

7L/day

118
Q

last week prior to weaning

A

3L/day divded in 2 and given with food

119
Q

calf starter cp

A

18-19% given with meadow hay

120
Q

why is meadow hay given with calf starter

A

high in cp
low in cf

121
Q

when is weaning in calves

A

day 60-90

122
Q

how is weaning time in calves determines

A

once calf eats 1.5kg/day dry feed

123
Q

when is grower feed started

A

1 week post weaning

124
Q

when is post rearing

A

5-6months of age

125
Q

goal of rearing

A

800g bw daily gain

126
Q

feed of rearing

A

2-2.5kg concentrates
ad lib roughage

127
Q

what is the age and weight of a heifer

A

5-6months
bw 200kg

128
Q

when does isometric growth occur in heifers

A

from birth to weaning
from insemination to calving

129
Q

when does allometric growth occur

A

from day 90

130
Q

what is puberty onset dependant on

A

weight not age

131
Q

bw at weaning

A

80-110kg

132
Q

weight at insemination

A

330-350kg

133
Q

weight at first calving

A

530kg

134
Q

length of gestation

A

283days

135
Q

height of withers at insemination

A

110-120cm

136
Q

height of withers at calving

A

130cm

137
Q

bcs at time of calving

A

3.5

138
Q

very slow rearing intensity

A

low bw gain
late breeding
18months

139
Q

moderate rearing intensity

A

small frame
700g bw/day gain
bred before 18months

140
Q

intense rearing intensity

A

800-900gbw/day gain
breed before 18months
improved milk yield

141
Q

physiologically intense rearing intensity

A

1000-1200g bw/day gain
breeding at 12-13months
economical but difficult calvin

142
Q

NEm of dairy heifer

A

23-24 mj/day DM

143
Q

NEg of dairy heifer

A

26.6 mj/day

144
Q

cp of dairy heifer

A

10-11%

145
Q

what are ovaries sensitive to

A

NH3

146
Q

cf of dairy heifers

A

6%

147
Q

Examples of roughage for dairy heifers

A

hay
maize
stalks
silage
pasture

148
Q

in case of high VFA in blood

A

increase roughage

149
Q

in case of low VFA in blood

A

increase concentrates

150
Q

quantity of green forages at 6-7months

A

15-18kg

151
Q

quantity of green forages at 9-12months

A

20-25kg

152
Q

quantity of silage for heifers

A

5-10kg

153
Q

quantity of hay for heifers

A

1-3kg

154
Q

quantity of concentrate of heifers

A

2-3kg

155
Q

period 1 of feeding beef heifers

A

from 0 - 5-6months -weaning

156
Q

period 2 of feeding beef heifers

A

from weaning to mating

157
Q

period 3 of feeding beef heifers

A

from mating to calving

158
Q

period goal of phase 1

A

fast development
no grazing

159
Q

feeding of phase 1 of beef heifers

A

10-15kg DM + 1.5-2.5kg concentrates

160
Q

bw of phase 2 beef heifers

A

70% of adult weight

161
Q

daily gain of phase 2 beef heifers

A

700-750g/day bw gain

162
Q

how early do you mate beef heifers

A

2 weeks earlier than dairy

163
Q

feeding of phase 3 and 4 beef heifers

A

pasture
corn stubble
protein
vit a

164
Q

what is weight at phase 4

A

85-90% adult weight

165
Q

energy requirements of beef heifers

A

NEm = 0.322 x BW^0.75
NEl = 4,184 MJ/day

166
Q

feed of phase 4 beef heifers

A

cheap as possible
grazing and hays
sorghum
no NPN

167
Q

fattening methods

A

steers
calf fattening system
baby beef
young bull fattening
intensice young bull fattening
young dairy heifer
improve old dairy cow

168
Q

traditional growing bull length of feeding

A

from weaning to 16-18months of fattening

169
Q

feed of traditional growing bull

A

forages and concentrates

170
Q

end bw of traditional growing bull and daily gain

A

1000g daily bw
500-600end kg

171
Q

intensive growing bull length of feeding

A

from weaning to 13-15months of fattening

172
Q

feed of intensive growing bull

A

forages and concentrates

173
Q

end bw of intensive growing bull and daily gain

A

500-600 end kg
1300g daily gain

174
Q

angus heifer and bull length of feeding

A

from weaning to 9-10months of age

175
Q

end weight of angus bull and heifer

A

> 650kg

176
Q

daily bw gain of angus heifer

A

1300g

177
Q

daily bw gain of angus bull

A

1500g

178
Q

feed of angus heifers and bulls

A

sorghum silage
oat
grass
lucerne haylage
corn gluten feed

179
Q

summer feed of beef heifers

A

increased concentrates compared to dairy cows

180
Q

winter feed of beef heifers

A

silage and protein

181
Q

what is homeorhesis

A

harmonised metabolic changes on tissue level
redistribution of nutrients

182
Q

phase 1 lactation
early lactation

A

day 0 - 70

183
Q

goal of phase 1 lactation

A

reach peak dm intake
maintain peak lactation
halt any loss in body weight

184
Q

energy balance of phase 1 lcatation

A

-ve
can cause ketosis

185
Q

loss of body weight of phase 1 lacation

A

40kg

186
Q

prerequisite of reinsemination

A

dw doesnt decrease
dominance of gonadotropic hormone and insulin

187
Q

ratio of forage: concentrates in phase 1 of lactation

A

40:60

188
Q

cf of phase 1 lacation

A

15-17%
too high can cause acidosis

189
Q

cp of phase 1 lacation

A

cp = 17-18%

190
Q

NEl of phase 1 lactation

A

6.8-7.2MJ/kg dm

191
Q

DM of mixed feeds of phase 1 lactation

A

95-100g/kg DM

192
Q

phase 2 of lactation length

A

day 70-140

193
Q

when does reinsemination occur

A

day 85

194
Q

energy balance of 2nd phase of lactation

A

0 or +ve

195
Q

forage: conc ratio of 2nd phase lactation

A

50:50

196
Q

CF of 2nd phase lactation

A

17-18%

197
Q

NEl of 2nd phase lactation

A

6.2-6.4MJ/dau

198
Q

when to check bcs

A

after calvin
in first 1–days of lactation
200days of lcatation
after drying off
during dryinf ogg

199
Q

phase 3 of lactation
mid-late lactation

A

day 140-305

200
Q

forage: concentrate ratio of phase 3 of lactation

A

60:40

201
Q

milk production during phase 3 of lactation

A

decreased

202
Q

NEl during phase 3 of lactation

A

5.6-6mj/day

203
Q

aim of phase 3 of lactation

A

promote body reserve

204
Q

bcs of phase 3 of lactation

A

3.5

205
Q

risks of phase 3 of lactation

A

fatty cow disease

206
Q

improtant vitamins and minerals of lactation

A

Ca
P
Mg
Na, K, Cl
Vit - B, A, D, E, carotene

207
Q

Ca requirement of dairy cows in lactation

A

4.4g/100kg bw

208
Q

P requirement of dairy cows in lcatation

A

3.4g

209
Q

durination for phase 4 dry period

A

day 305-350

210
Q

aim of phase 4 dry period

A

minimalise metabolic problems
increase milk yield in next lacation

211
Q

Ca of phase 4 dry period

A

6.1g/100kg bw

212
Q

P of phase 4 dry period

A

4.2 g/100kg bw

213
Q

why keep nutrients low

A

prevent ketosis and fatty liver disease

214
Q

cp of phase 4 dry period

A

12%

215
Q

Duration of phase 5 transition period

A

day 350-365

216
Q

aim of phase 5 transition period

A

adjust rumen bacteria to get used to lactation feed

217
Q

Ca:P during calving

A

ratio needs o be lower therefore decrease Ca

218
Q

cp phase 5 transition period

A

14-16%

219
Q

Cation Anion Balance ideally

A

between -50 and -150

220
Q

anionic supplements

A

100g NH4Cl + 100gMgSO4 /day

221
Q

5 compounds that have an advantageous effect of rumen

A

yeast culture
buffers
nicotinic acid
CAB
glucogenic compounds

222
Q

quantity of yeast to give

A

5g/cow/day
4g/cattle/day

223
Q

funcction of yeast in rumen

A

removes o2 giving anaerobic conditions
increase bacterial viability
increase celluloysis and flow of microbial protein
increasing food intake and productivity

224
Q

examples of yeast

A

saccharomyces cerevisae
aspergillus oryzae

225
Q

function of buffer

A

maintain pH of 6.2-6.8

226
Q

examples of buffers

A

NaH2PO4
NaHCO3

227
Q

quantity of NaHCO3

A

100-150g/day

228
Q

alkalysing agentds function

A

increase pH

229
Q

examples of alkalysing agents

A

HgO
Na2CO3

230
Q

function of nicotinic acid

A

bacterial niacin decreases postpartum
needed for metabolism of carbs, proteins, fat

231
Q

if CAB is outside the balance what happens

A

acidosis and increased Ca metabolism form bones

232
Q

examples of glucogenic compounds

A

gylcerol
propylenglycol
glucose balance

233
Q

stage 1 of beef cows yearly cycle duration

A

0-80days

234
Q

protein of stage 1 of beef cows yearly cycle

A

160%

235
Q

Energy of stage 1 of beef cows yearly cycle

A

maintenance + 60%

236
Q

bcs of stage 1 of beef cows yearly cycle

A

2.5

237
Q

milk production of stage 1 of beef cows yearly cycle

A

6-10L/day

238
Q

forages of stage 1 of beef cows yearly cycle

A

hay
straw
silage

239
Q

concentrates of stage 1 of beef cows yearly cycle

A

barley
oat
corn
urea

240
Q

stage 2 of beef cows yearly cycle duration

A

day 80 - weaning (day 205)
125days

241
Q

when do you wean a beef cow

A

240kg
6-7months

242
Q

protein of stage 2 of beef cows yearly cycle

A

134%

243
Q

milk production of stage 2 of beef cows yearly cycle

A

decreased

244
Q

energy of stage 2 of beef cows yearly cycle

A

maintenacne +40-50%

245
Q

feed of stage 2 of beef cows yearly cycle

A

pasture
supplementary feeds
vitamins and minerals and salts

246
Q

stage 3 of beef cows yearly cycle duration

A

day 205- 315
110days
from weaning to just before 2nd calvin

247
Q

protein of stage 3 of beef cows yearly cycle

A

100%

248
Q

energy of stage 3 of beef cows yearly cycle

A

maintenance

249
Q

Types of feed of stage 3 of beef cows yearly cycle

A

pasture, corn stubble, protein supplements

250
Q

protein supplements

A

urea
sunflower
alfalfa

251
Q

concentrates for stage 3 of beef cows yearly cycle

A

decrease to prevent over feeding and calving difficulty

252
Q

stage 4 of beef cows yearly cycle duration

A

day 315-360
50days

253
Q

stage 4 of beef cows yearly cycle energy

A

maintenance +40 -50%

254
Q

stage 4 of beef cows yearly cycle protein

A

119%

nutrition oral (12 decks)

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