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Infectious Diseases > Pig Skin diseases > Flashcards

Pig Skin diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Where ae porcine skin lesions most common?

A

*Ears
*Legs
*Tail
*Flanks

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2
Q

What are the causes of porcine skin lesions?

A
  • Physical (objects), lying on rough surfaces
  • Vices (biting)
  • Vector driven (flies and lice)
  • Infection (Bacterial, parasitic, viral, fungal)
  • Congenital (epitheliogenesis imperfecta)
  • Toxic (PDNS: porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome)
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3
Q

What can porcine skin lesions lead to?

A
  • Can lead to:
    *carcass condemnation
    *septicaemia
    *spinal lesions (from tail bites)
    *culling
  • and in some cases death.
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4
Q

Why is porcine skin lesions a concern?

A

*Significant welfare issue - checked for farm assurance

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5
Q

What are the infectious causes of skin lesions?

A
  • Bacterial septicaemia
  • Viral systemic diseases
  • Greasy pig
  • Swine pox
  • Ringworm
  • Treponema
  • Sarcoptic mange
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6
Q

What are examples of bacterial septicaemia?

A
  • Salmonellosis (Caused by Salmonella spp.)
  • Glasser’s disease- caused by Haemophilus parasuis.
  • Erysipelas- skin blemishes
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7
Q

What is the salmonella that causes skin lesions in pigs?

A

Salmonella cholerasuis
high mortality

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8
Q

How is S. cholerasuis diagnosed, treated + controlled?

A

*Diagnosis = culture faecal material on selective media
*Treatment = antimicrobials
*Control = good hygiene

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9
Q

What causes Glasser’s disease?

A

Haemophilus parasuis

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10
Q

What are the clinical signs of Glasser’s disease?

A

disease characterized by
*red to purple discoloration of ears, abdomen and occasionally legs,
*wasting,
*fibrinous polyserositis, polyarthritis, and meningitis.
*Attacks joints, intestine, lungs, heart and brain causing pneumonia, pericarditis, peritonitis and pleurisy.

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11
Q

How is Glassers diagnosed?

A

based on clinical signs & detection of H. parasuis at systemic sites by isolation/PCR.

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12
Q

How is Glassers treated?

A

If treated early enough can lead to full recovery.
* Typically penicillin based treatments

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13
Q

How is Glassers controlled?

A

improve hygiene, strategic antibiotic treatment of affected pigs; also commercial/autogenous vaccines

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14
Q

What causes Erysipelas?

A

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

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15
Q

What are the clinical signs of Erysipelas?

A

can cause sudden death, or more general septicaemia symptoms such as fever, depressed and inappetent and rhomboid skin (diamond-skin) lesions involving many animals, or chronic with enlarged joints, lameness, and endocarditis.

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16
Q

How is Erysipelas diagnosed?

A

Clinical signs
Culture
PCR
Serology

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17
Q

How is ERysipelas treated?

A

Penicillin based Tx

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18
Q

How is Erysipelas controlled?

A

Vaccination
Improve hygiene
Prevent birds + mice

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19
Q

What are viral causes of skin lesions?

A
  • Porcine reproductive and respiratory
    syndrome.
  • Classical Swine fever.
  • African Swine fever.
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20
Q

What are the clinical signs of Porcine reproductive + respiratory syndrome (PRRS)

A

Anorexia,
*fever,
*respiratory distress,
*vomiting,
*blue colouring due to decrease blood flow (cyanosis) of ears, abdomen and vulva,
*can be death in 10% of sows and neonatal piglets,
*infertility and occasional abortion stillbirths.
*Immunosuppressive effect -> exacerbates other diseases incl. bacterial (e.g. Glasser’s disease) hence driver of antimicrobial use.

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21
Q

How is PRRS diagnosed?

A

PCR
Serology (ELISA)

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22
Q

How is PRRS treated?

A

*Difficult + often unsuccessful
Broad spec antibiotics to prevent 2 infection + encourage eating+ drinking
*Anti-inflammatories

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23
Q

HOw is PRRS controlled?

A

*early weaning & isolation of piglets,
* vaccination protocols,
*regular serologic monitoring,
*remove persistent carriers,
*improve biosecurity.

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24
Q

What type of virus is classical swine fever?

A

Pestivirus

25
Q

What are the clinical signs of classical swine fever?

A

*fever,
*haemorrhages,
* lethargy,
* yellowish diarrhoea,
*vomiting,
*purple skin discoloration of the ears, lower abdomen, and legs.
*Potential neurologic signs,
*reproductive failures/abortion also

26
Q

How is classical swine fever diagnosed?

A
  • virus isolation,
    *immunofluorescence assay,
    *detection of antibodies
    (ELISA=APHA UK)
    *virus neutralization.
    Given similarities in UK test for both CSFV and ASFV (next) at same time.
27
Q

What is the treatment of classical swine fever?

A

NO TREATMENT
Vaccinate in endemic countries

28
Q

What are the clinical signs of african swine fever?

A

*death in nearly all pigs infected.
*Early = High fever, lethargy, loss of appetite. Occasional sudden death.
*Late= Reddening of skin > patches on ear tips, tail, feet, chest, belly. Diarrhoea, vomiting. Laboured breathing. Swollen red eyes + discharge. Abortions, still-births.
Unwillingness to get up. Death sometimes only sign, case fatality as high as 100%.

29
Q

How is african swine fever diagnosed?

A

PCR
Serology (ELISA)

30
Q

What is the treatment of african swine fever?

A

NO TREATMENT
Cull all infected animals

31
Q

What is greasy pig caused by?

A

Staphylococcus hyicus

32
Q

What does greasy pig cause?

A
  • Can be chronic or acute
  • Dermatitis which oozes greasy fluid
  • It produces toxins which are absorbed into the system and damage the liver and kidneys
  • Can be fatal
  • Typically non-pruritic
33
Q

What is greasy pig a problem in?

A

Weaned pigs

34
Q

What is the pathogenesis of greasy pig?

A
  • Lesions caused by ‘exfoliative toxin’
  • Cause the loss of keratinocyte cell-cell
    adhesion in the superficial epidermis
  • Leave skin open to secondary infection
35
Q

What are risk factors of greasy pig?

A

Often initiated by injury, due to sharp objects, or unclipped teeth, mange or humid environment

36
Q

How is greasy pig treated?

A
  • Parenteral use of antibiotics such as amoxicillin or lincomycin in severe cases.
  • However, in mild cases topical use of a skin sanitiser
37
Q

What is prevention / control of greasy pig?

A
  • Tackle above causes of initial tissue damage.
  • Use of topical sanitisers to prevent infection of any tissue damage.
38
Q

What does swine pox cause?

A

*Raised circular red skin spots 1-20mm

39
Q

How is swine pox confirmed?

A

Virus isolation

40
Q

What are the common causes of ringworm?

A
  • Commonly caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes
  • Involves contact with rodents
  • Contact with cattle can lead to Trichophyton verrucosum
  • Contact with cats can cause Microsporum canis
41
Q

How is ringworm treated?

A

UNNECESSARY

42
Q

What are the clinical signs of Porcine dermatitis + nephropathy syndrome (PDNS)?

A
  • Appearance of extensive greasy brown,
    *purplish red slightly raised blotches of various sizes and shapes over the chest, abdomen, thighs and forelegs. *The majority of pigs that develop extensive skin blotching die.
  • The pigs are depressed,
    *loss of appetite,
    *fever,
    *immobile/ reluctant to move
43
Q

What organ does PDNS affect?

A

Kidneys

44
Q

What is the viral cause of PDNS?

A

Porcine circovirus 2

45
Q

What causes sarcoptic mange?

A

Sarcoptes scabei var suis

46
Q

How is sarcoptic mange treated?

A

Avermectins

47
Q

How is sarcoptic mange diagnosed?

A

DEEP skin scrapings

48
Q

How is sarcoptic mange controlled?

A

Meds
Hygiene measures

49
Q

What does Treponemes cause in pigs?

A

Ear necrosis
Flank + tail lesions

50
Q

Where are treponemes also found?

A

Digital dermatitis in cows/sheep

51
Q

What are causes of physical damage skin lesions?

A
  • Exposure to hard abrasive surfaces- just as in humans
  • SHOULDER SORES, which are associated with weight loss during lactation; rough surfaces
  • LOWER LIMB ABRASIONS
  • STIFLE SORES- mainly in fast growing finishers, kept at high density. No bedding
  • TEAT NECROSIS in piglets,- can affect future breeding potential. Can stick tissue paper over front 6 teats at birth
52
Q

What are other non-infectious causes of skin lesions?

A
  • Sunburn- blistering and ulceration
  • Transit erythema- scalding by urine or chemicals
  • Hyperkeratosis- water trough overhead leads to stagnant humid atmosphere. Flaking of dorsal skin. No clinical importance.
53
Q

How does biting become a problem?

A
  • Testosterone driven males are notorious biters, but females do too
  • Competition for space, food, resources etc (particularly with intensive farming)
  • Tail biting- common in finishers, Controlled (apparently) by tail docking. 3 times more common in undocked pigs.
54
Q

How does vulval biting affect sows?

A
  • Vulval biting- affects sows in late pregnancy. May affect farrowing and mating. Can cause prolapse and (rarely) lead to death
55
Q

How do you prevent biting?

A

Straw bedding + toys to entertain pigs

56
Q

What is the pig louse?

A

Haematopinus suis

57
Q

What is false ringworm?

A

Pityriasis rosea
-genetic defect
-develops at 6-8wks
-disappears without Tx by 20wks

58
Q

What is epithliogenesis imperfecta?

A
  • Absence of epidermis or mucosal epithelium
  • Congenital
  • Commonly on legs or flanks
  • Will heal slowly, but may require sutures in severe cases
  • Very severe cases = destruction

Infectious Diseases (20 decks)

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