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PHYTOCHEMICAL TESTS Flashcards

1
Q
  • basic nitrogenated compounds comprising the largest class of secondary plant metabolites
  • physiologically active
  • usually occur in plants as their water-soluble salts
  • form double salts with Hg, Au, Pt, and other heavy metals;
  • these salts are obtained as precipitates which are micro- crystallographic
  • bitter taste
A

ALKALOIDS

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2
Q

ALKALOIDS

form double salts with

A

Hg, Au, Pt

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3
Q

ALKALOIDS

usually occur in plants as their ____

A

water-soluble salts

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4
Q

ALKALOIDS | POSITIVE RESULT

Mayer’s Test

A

cream color ppt

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5
Q

ALKALOIDS

Mayer’s reagent

A

Potassium mercuric iodide

Ma - Mayer
Me - Mercuric
K - potassium
i - iodide

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6
Q

ALKALOIDS | POSITIVE RESULT

Dragendorff’s test

A

orange color ppt

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7
Q

ALKALOIDS

Dragendorff’s reagent

A

Potassium bismuth iodide

Dra - dragendorff
K - potassium
Bio - bismuth iodide

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8
Q

ALKALOIDS

Wagner’s reagent

A

Iodine in potassium iodide

W - wagner
i - iodine
Ki - potassium iodide

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8
Q

ALKALOIDS | POSITIVE RESULT

Hager’s test

A

yellow color ppt

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8
Q

ALKALOIDS | POSITIVE RESULT

Wagner’s test

A

reddish brown color ppt

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9
Q

ALKALOIDS

Valser’s reagent

A

Mercuric iodide

Va - valser
Mer - mercuric
I - iodide

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9
Q

ALKALOIDS | POSITIVE RESULT

Valser’s test

A

white color ppt

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10
Q
  • plant constituents which produces sugars as products of hydrolysis
  • sugar ethers
  • hydrolyzed by boiling mineral acids
  • regulatory, protective and sanitary compounds
A

GLYCOSIDES

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11
Q

GLYCOSIDES

  • sugar component
  • common denominator
  • inactive
A

GLYCONE

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12
Q

GLYCOSIDES

  • non sugar component
  • basis of classification
  • active
A

AGLYCONE

a = means “non”

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13
Q

GLYCOSIDES

  • steroidal glycosides also known as “cardiac glycosides”
  • have a prominent effect on the heart muscle
  • steroid structure:
    * cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus (CPPP nucleus)
A

CARDENOLIDE & BUFADIENOLIDE

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14
Q

GLYCOSIDES

steroidal glycosides are also known as

A

cardiac glycosides

ex. digoxin

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15
Q

GLYCOSIDES

Cardenolide & Bufadienolide are steroidal glycosides which have a prominent effect on the

A

heart muscle

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16
Q

GLYCOSIDES

CPPP nucleus meaning

A

cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus

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17
Q

GLYCOSIDES

  • more common
  • optimum activity
  • C-23, unsaturated
  • 5 membered lactone ring
A

CARDENOLIDES

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18
Q

GLYCOSIDES

  • less common (from toad skin to Bufo spp.)
  • less activity
  • C-24, doubly unsaturated
  • 6 membered lactone ring
A

BUFADIENOLIDES

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19
Q

GLYCOSIDES | POSITIVE RESULT

Keller-kiliani’s test

A

reddish-brown which may turn to blue or purple

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20
Q

GLYCOSIDES

  • test for 2-deoxysugars
A

KELLER-KILIANI

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21
Q

GLYCOSIDES

Keller-kiliani reagent

A

Ferric chloride

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22
Q

GLYCOSIDES

  • test for unsaturated steroids and triterpenes
A

LIEBERMANN-BURCHARD

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23
Q

GLYCOSIDES

Liebermann-Burchard reagents

A

dichloromethane
acetic anhydride
conc. H₂SO₄

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24
Q

GLYCOSIDES | POSITIVE RESULT

Libermann-Burchard test

A

blue to green, pink, red, purple

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25
Q

GLYCOSIDES

  • test for unsaturated lactones
A

KEDDE

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26
Q

GLYCOSIDES

Kedde’s reagent

A

dinitrobenzoic acid
methanol
2M KOH

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27
Q

GLYCOSIDES | POSITIVE RESULT

Kedde’s test

A

blue-violet

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28
Q

GLYCOSIDES

Kedde’s test positive standard

A

2mL 0.025% digitoxin in methanol

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29
Q

GLYCOSIDES

  • test for sterols
A

SALKOWSKI

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30
Q

GLYCOSIDES

Salkowski’s reagent

A

conc. H₂SO₄

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31
Q

GLYCOSIDES | POSITIVE RESULT

Salkowski’s test

A

red layer in junction

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32
Q

GLYCOSIDES

  • largest group of naturally occurring quinone pigments
  • occur as hydroxylated, methylated, or carboxylated derivatives of anthraquinones, anthrones, anthranal, or dianthrone
  • O-glycosides or C-glycosides, or as their aglycones
  • purgative, cathartic, dye
A

ANTHRAQUINONE GLYCOSIDES

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33
Q

ANTHARQUINONE GLYCOSIDES | POSITIVE RESULT

Borntrager’s test

A

red color in the lower ammoniacal layer

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34
Q

ANTHRAQUINONE GLYCOSIDES

Borntrager’s reagent

A

ammonia solution

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35
Q

ANTHARQUINONE GLYCOSIDES | POSITIVE RESULT

Modified Borntrager’s test

A

pink color

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36
Q

ANTHARQUINONE GLYCOSIDES

Modified Borntrager’s reagents

A

0.5M KOH
5% H₂O₂
glacial acetic acid
benzene
ammonia

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37
Q
  • phenolic plant pigments containing γ-benzopyrone nucleus
  • include anthocyanins, leucoanthocyanins, cathechins, aurones, chalcones
  • have reported anti-viral, anti-fungal, anti- inflammatory and cytotoxic activities
A

FLAVONOIDS

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38
Q

FLAVONOIDS

  • test for leucoanthocyanins
A

BATE-SMITH & METCALF METHOD

39
Q

FLAVONOIDS

Bate-Smith & Metcalf reagent

40
Q

FLAVONOIDS | POSITIVE RESULT

Bate-Smith & Metcalf Method

A

strong red or violet

41
Q

FLAVONOIDS

  • test for γ-benzopyrone nucleus
A

WILSTATTER “CYANIDIN” TEST

42
Q

FLAVONOIDS

Wilstatter “Cyanidin” reagents

A

conc. HCl
magnesium turnings
octanol

43
Q

FLAVONOIDS | POSITIVE RESULT

Wilstatter “Cyanidin” test

A

orange to red, to crimson & magenta
occasionally to green or blue

44
Q
  • also known as fish poison; causes hemolysis to cold blooded animals (fish)
  • steroidal/triterpenoid glycosides characterized by their ability to froth when agitated
  • exert a powerful hemolytic action on RBCs and are highly toxic when injected into the bloodstream
  • has interesting spermicidal & molluscicidal activity
45
Q

SAPONINS | TWO TYPES

monocot (Dioscoreaceae)

46
Q

SAPONINS | TWO TYPES

dicot (Agavaceae)

A

TRITERPENOID

47
Q

OTHER PLANTS WITH SAPONINS

a beverage (root beer)

A

SARSAPARILLA

48
Q

OTHER PLANTS WITH SAPONINS

used as shampoo

49
Q

OTHER PLANTS WITH SAPONINS

“drug for longevity”, adaptogen, tonic

50
Q

SAPONINS

  • formation of persistent honeycomb froth upon shaking
A

FROTH TEST

51
Q

SAPONINS | POSITIVE RESULT

Froth test

A

honeycomb froth is greater than 2cm height after 10mins

52
Q

SAPONINS | FROTH TEST

for plant extracts with poor frothing effects, add a little ____ to basify the extract;

A

5% Na₂CO₃

53
Q

SAPONINS | FROTH TEST

the formation of a stable and dense froth indicates presence of ____

A

free fatty acids

54
Q

SAPONINS | POSITIVE RESULT

Agar Cup Hemolytic test

A

clear zones of hemolysis (hemolytic halos)

55
Q
  • first applied to plant constituents capable of transforming raw animal skin into leather
  • precipitates proteins, alkaloids and glycosides
  • acidic, sharp-puckering taste
A

TANNINS & POLYPHENOLS

56
Q

antidote for alkaloid poisoning

A

TANNIC ACID

57
Q

TANNINS & POLYPHENOLS

other name for NON-HYDROLYZABLE

58
Q

TANNINS & POLYPHENOLS

HYDROLYZABLE:
structure

A

related to PYROGALLOL

59
Q

TANNINS & POLYPHENOLS

NON-HYDROLYZABLE:
structure

A

related to CATECHOL

60
Q

TANNINS & POLYPHENOLS

HYDROLYZABLE:
+ HCl

A

PHENOLIC ACID + SUGARS

61
Q

TANNINS & POLYPHENOLS

NON-HYDROLYZABLE:
+ HCl

A

PHLOBAPHENES (red dye)

62
Q

TANNINS & POLYPHENOLS

HYDROLYZABLE:
+ FeCl₃

A

BLUISH BLACK

63
Q

TANNINS & POLYPHENOLS

HYDROLYZABLE:
leather type

64
Q

TANNINS & POLYPHENOLS

NON-HYDROLYZABLE:
+ FeCl₃

A

BROWNISH GREEN

65
Q

TANNINS & POLYPHENOLS

NON-HYDROLYZABLE:
leather type

A

TANNER’S RED

66
Q

USES:

tanning industry, treatment of burns, potential value as cytotoxic and/or antineoplastic agents, astringent properties

67
Q

have similarities to tannin structures; they are used as additives in tanning agents in the leather industry

A

POLYPHENOLS

68
Q

TANNINS & POLYPHENOLS

Gelatin test reagent

A

gelatin-salt reagent

69
Q

TANNINS & POLYPHENOLS | POSITIVE RESULT

Gelatin test

70
Q

TANNINS & POLYPHENOLS

Ferric chloride test reagent

A

iron (III) chloride
FeCl₃

71
Q

TANNINS & POLYPHENOLS | POSITIVE RESULT

Ferric chloride test

A

bluish black - hydrolysable tannins
brownish green - condensed tannins

72
Q
  • produces cyanide
  • often found in legumes, root crops and grasses
  • usually found in plants together with hydrolytic enzymes
  • most cyanogenic glycosides are lost after plant harvest due to spontaneous hydrolysis
A

CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDES

73
Q

CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDES

usually found in plants together with ____

A

hydrolytic enzymes

74
Q

CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDES

most cyanogenic glycosides are lost after plant harvest due to ____

A

spontaneous hydrolysis

75
Q

CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDES

the roots of ____, causes poisoning when eaten if tubers are half-cooked or cooked with intact root peelings

A

Manihot esculenta Crantz
CASSAVA

76
Q

CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDES

cassava causes poisoning due to ____ released by enzymatic hydrolysis of cyanogenic glycosides

77
Q

CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDES

are also known to contain cyanogenic glycosides; emulsin hydrolyses glycosides

A

Prunus amydalus
almonds

78
Q

CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDES

Prunus amydalus (almonds) contains what cyanogenic glycosides

79
Q

CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDES

  • dip strips of filter paper into freshly prepared sodium picrate sol’n
  • drip dry and then finally dry between sheets of newsprints
A

PICRATE PAPER
Guignard’s test

80
Q

CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDES | POSITIVE RESULT

Guignard’s test

A

vaious shades of red

81
Q
  • polyhydroxy ketones or aldehydes
  • most abundant group of organic molecules
  • provide significant amount of energy; storage form of energy; cell component; structural component
  • building blocks: monosaccharides
A

CARBOHYDRATES

82
Q

CARBOHYDRATES

test for reducing sugars (presence of aldehydes but not ketones)

A

FEHLING’S TEST

83
Q

CARBOHYDRATES

Fehling’s test reagent

A

Fehling’s A - copper II sulfate
Fehling’s B - potassium sodium tartrae & a strong alkali

84
Q

CARBOHYDRATES | POSITIVE RESULT

Fehling’s test

A

brick red ppt

85
Q

CARBOHYDRATES

  • test for pentoses and hexoses
A

MOLISCH TEST

86
Q

CARBOHYDRATES

Molisch test reagent

A

10% a-naphthol

87
Q

CARBOHYDRATES | POSITIVE RESULT

Molisch test

A

BLUISH VIOLET

88
Q

CARBOHYDRATES

test for reducing sugars (monosaccharide or disaccharide containing hemiacetal or hemiketal group)

A

BENEDICT’S TEST

89
Q

CARBOHYDRATES

Benedict’s test reagent

A

Benedict’s solution - copper II sulfate

90
Q

CARBOHYDRATES | POSITIVE RESULT

Benedict’s test

A

BRICK RED PPT

91
Q
  • group of complex organic macromolecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually sulfur and are composed of one or more chains of amino acids
  • building blocks: amino acids
92
Q

PROTEINS | POSITIVE RESULT

Millon’s test

93
Q

PROTEINS | POSITIVE RESULT

Xanthoproteic test

A

yellow ppt

94
Q

PROTEINS

Xanthoproteic test reagent

A

nitric acid

95
Q
  • heterogenous compound
  • any of a group of organic compounds, including the fats, oils, waxes, sterols, and triglycerides, that are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar organic solvents, are oily to the touch
96
Q

LIPIDS

  • extract dissolved in petroleum ether or hexane
  • few drops on paper
A

GREASY SPOT TEST

97
Q

LIPIDS | POSITIVE RESULT

Grease Spot test

A

greasy spot on paper

98
Q

LIPIDS

solvent used in Grease spot test

A

petroleum ether
hexane

PCOG LAB (24 decks)

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