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EX 7 Flashcards

1
Q
  • heterogenous compounds that are more related to their physical properties rather than their chemical properties
  • are ESTERS (RCOOR) of long-chain fatty acids and alcohols or closely related derivatives
  • vegetable oils and fats may occur in various parts of the plant but as a general rule seeds contain larger quantities of fats and oils
A

LIPIDS

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2
Q

LIPIDS

general rule ____ contain LARGER quantities of fats and oils

A

SEEDS

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3
Q

USES OF LIPIDS

____ and ____ for PLANTS

A

food & energy storage

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4
Q

USES OF LIPIDS

____ and ____ IM injections

A

emollient and vehicle

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5
Q

USES OF LIPIDS

vehicle for IM injections

A

Sesame Oil
Corn Oil
Cottonseed Oil
Peanut Oil

SeCoCoPea

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6
Q

USES OF LIPIDS

manufacture of ____, ____, and ____

A

soap, paints, and varnishes

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7
Q

USES OF LIPIDS

increase ____ in PARENTERAL nutrition

A

caloric value

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8
Q

USES OF LIPIDS

____, ____, ____, ____

A

antifungal, dietary supplements, sclerosing agents, cathartic

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9
Q

for SCLEROSING agents are for what

A

varicose veins

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10
Q

PROPERTIES OF LIPIDS

____ in WATER

A

INSOLUBLE

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11
Q

PROPERTIES OF LIPIDS

____ with NON-POLAR solvents: petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone, n-hexane

A

SOLUBLE

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12
Q

PROPERTIES OF LIPIDS

____ to touch

A

greasy

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13
Q

PROPERTIES OF LIPIDS

leaves a ____ on paper

A

permanent greasy spot/stain

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14
Q

PROPERTIES OF LIPIDS

color

A

colorless

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15
Q

PROPERTIES OF LIPIDS

taste and odor

A

bland

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16
Q

PROPERTIES OF LIPIDS

YELLOW color due to ____

A

carotene

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17
Q

PROPERTIES OF LIPIDS

when heated strongly, undergoes DECOMPOSITION forming ____

A

acrid flammable vapors

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18
Q

PROPERTIES OF LIPIDS

when HEATED STRONGLY, undergoes ____ forming acrid flammable vapors

A

decompisition

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19
Q

PROPERTIES OF LIPIDS

when IGNITED, they burn with a ____

A

sooty flame

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20
Q

PROPERTIES OF LIPIDS

ACRIDITY is due to ____

A

acrolein (propenal)

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21
Q

KINDS OF LIPIDS

esters of long-chain fatty acids and an ALCOHOL

A

SIMPLE LIPIDS

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22
Q

KINDS OF LIPIDS

SIMPLE LIPIDS:
* esters of long-chain fatty acids and GLYCEROL

A

FIXED OILS & FATS

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23
Q

KINDS OF LIPIDS

SIMPLE LIPIDS:
* esters of long-chain fatty acids and HMW ALCOHOL such as CETYL ALCOHOL

A

WAXES

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24
Q

KINDS OF LIPIDS

esters of long-chain fatty acids and alcohol in COMBINATION with OTHER COMPOUNDS

A

COMPOUND LIPIDS

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25
Q

KINDS OF LIPIDS

  • Fixed oils & Fats
  • Waxes
A

SIMPLE LIPIDS

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26
Q

KINDS OF LIPIDS

  • Phospholipids
  • Glycolipids
A

COMPOUND LIPIDS

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27
Q

KINDS OF LIPIDS

compounds that simple and compound lipid are produced upon HYDROLYSIS

A

DERIVED LIPIDS

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28
Q

KINDS OF LIPIDS

DERIVED LIPIDS are compounds that simple and compound lipid are produced upon ____

A

HYDROLYSIS

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29
Q

KINDS OF LIPIDS

  • Fatty acids
  • Alcohol
  • Sterols
A

DERIVED LIPIDS

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30
Q

KINDS OF LIPIDS

  • are esters of the TRIHYDROXY alcohol, glycerol, & HIGH MW acid of the continuous chain type
  • designated as TRIGLYCERIDES or GLYCERYL ESTERS
A

TRUE / NEUTRAL / SIMPLE LIPIDS

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31
Q

KINDS OF LIPIDS

TRUE / NEUTRAL / SIMPLE LIPIDS are designated as ____ or ____

A

triglycerides or glyceryl esters

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32
Q

KINDS OF LIPIDS

most ABUNDANT TRUE / NEUTRAL / SIMPLE LIPIDS

A

Triacylglycerol

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33
Q

KINDS OF LIPIDS | COMPOUND LIPIDS

  • those with PHOSPHORIC acid are called
A

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

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34
Q

KINDS OF LIPIDS | COMPOUND LIPIDS

PHOSPHOLIPIDS:
* found in CELL MEMBRANE

A

Glycerophospholipids

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35
Q

KINDS OF LIPIDS | COMPOUND LIPIDS

PHOSPHOLIPIDS:
* sphingomyelin sheath nerve fiber

A

SPHINGOLIPIDS

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36
Q

KINDS OF LIPIDS | COMPOUND LIPIDS

those with CHO are called

A

GLYCOLIPIDS

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37
Q

KINDS OF LIPIDS | COMPOUND LIPIDS

those with PROTEIN are called

A

LIPOPROTEIN

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38
Q

KINDS OF LIPIDS

  • product of HYDROLYSIS of simple and compound lipid
  • SAME SOLUBILITY property as FATS
A

DERIVED LIPIDS

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39
Q

KINDS OF LIPIDS | DERIVED LIPIDS

FAT-soluble vitamins

40
Q

KINDS OF LIPIDS

  • fatty acids
  • sterols
  • carotenoids
  • glycerol
  • sphingosine
  • steroid derivatives
A

DERIVED LIPIDS

41
Q

KINDS OF LIPIDS | FATS & FIXED OILS

  • mostly LIQUID or commonly as OILS
  • from PLANTS
  • has DOUBLE BOND
A

UNSATURATED FATTY ACID

42
Q

KINDS OF LIPIDS | FATS & FIXED OILS

  • esters are SOLID
  • from ANIMALS
A

SATURATED FATTY ACID

43
Q

KINDS OF LIPIDS | FATS & FIXED OILS

fats and oils found in nature are usually ____

A

BOTH saturated and unsaturated

44
Q

BASIC REACTION OF LIPIDS

are the 2 most COMMON reaction undergone by lipids

A

HYDROLYSIS & OXIDATION

45
Q

BASIC REACTION OF LIPIDS

are tests for the degree of UNSATURATED of simple lipids

A

HALOGENATION REACTION with Br₂ & I₂

46
Q

METHODS OF LIPID EXTRACTION

expressions carried out in the COLD; products are called VIRGIN OILS or COLD-PRESSED oils

A

EXPRESSION IN HYDRAULIC PRESSURE

47
Q

METHODS OF LIPID EXTRACTION

products of EXPRESSION IN HYDRAULIC PRESSURE

A

Virgin oils
Cold-pressed oils

48
Q

METHODS OF LIPID EXTRACTION

use of SAND; the preferred method of PURIFICATION

A

FILTRATION AND OZONE BLEACHING

49
Q

METHODS OF LIPID EXTRACTION

LIPIDS COULD BE EXTRACTED BY:
petroleum ether or n-hexane

A

MACERATION

50
Q

METHODS OF LIPID EXTRACTION

LIPIDS COULD BE EXTRACTED BY:
Soxhlet apparatus

A

CONTINUOUS EXTRACTION

51
Q

TEST RESULTS

GENERAL TESTS FOR LIPIDS

A
  • Sudan III test
  • Acrolein test
  • Solubility test
  • Emulsification test
52
Q

TEST RESULTS

SUDAN III test

53
Q

TEST RESULTS

ACROLEIN test

A

irritating smell of acrolein

54
Q

TEST RESULTS

SOLUBILITY test

A

soluble in ORGANIC solvent

55
Q
  • esters of long-chain fatty acids and GLYCEROL
  • the structure are glycerol, a trihydric alcohol, and long chains of fatty acid
A

FIXED OILS & FATS

56
Q

TEST RESULTS

EMULSIFICATION test

A

emulsion formed

57
Q

the only FIXED OIL that is SOLOD

A

theobroma cacao

58
Q

the only FATS that is LIQUID

A

COD liver oil

59
Q

FIXED OILS & FATS

are normally LIQUID at room temperature and are isolated from PLANTS

A

FIXED OILS

60
Q

FIXED OILS & FATS

are normally SOLID at room temperature and are isolated from ANIMALS

61
Q

FIXED OILS & FATS

the structure of fixed oils and fats are ____, ____, and ____

A

glycerol
trihydric alcohol
long chains of fatty acids

62
Q
  • a hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group (COOH); it interacts chemically as an acid
A

FATTY ACID

63
Q

FATTY ACID

it interacts chemically as an ____

64
Q

FATTY ACID

when such acid combines with a hydroxyl group of the GLYCEROL, ____ is RELEASED

65
Q

FATTY ACID

if only ONE acid is attached to the backbone, it is a ____

A

MONOglyceride

66
Q

FATTY ACID

if TWO acids are attached to the backbone, it is a ____

A

DIACYLglyceride

67
Q

FATTY ACID

if THREE acids are attached to the backbone, it is a ____

A

TRIACYLglyceride

68
Q

FATTY ACID

the primary ways in which the fatty acids DIFFER from one anther

(3)

A
  • no. of carbons
  • position of the carbon relative to one another
  • number of double bonds between carbon atoms
69
Q

FATTY ACID | CLASSIFICATION

with only a SINGLE bond
CnH₂nO₂

70
Q

FATTY ACID | CLASSIFICATION

hase one DOUBLE BOND
CnH₂n(2 x # of db)O₂

A

MONOUNSATURATED

71
Q

FATTY ACID | CLASSIFICATION

MORE THAN ONE double bond

A

POLYUNSATURATED

72
Q

HYDROLYSIS OF FIXED OILS & FATS

most fats and oils with age develop a bad ODOR and TASTE leading to ____

73
Q

HYDROLYSIS OF FIXED OILS & FATS

caused by the OXIDATION of unsaturated fatty acids at their double bonds, with the production of shorter-chained acids, aldehydes, and ketones; this is corrected by the use of antiOXIDANTS

A

OXIDATIVE RANCIDITY

74
Q

HYDROLYSIS OF FIXED OILS & FATS

OXIDATIVE RANCIDITY:
caused by the oxidation of ____

A

UNSATURATED fatty acids

75
Q

HYDROLYSIS OF FIXED OILS & FATS

OXIDATIVE RANCIDITY:
caused by the oxidation of UNSATURATED fatty acids at their ____

A

DOUBLE BONDS

76
Q

HYDROLYSIS OF FIXED OILS & FATS

OXIDATIVE RANCIDITY is corrected by the use of

A

ANTIOXIDANTS

77
Q

HYDROLYSIS OF FIXED OILS & FATS

OXIDATIVE RANCIDITY produces

A

shorter-chained acids
aldehydes
ketones

78
Q

HYDROLYSIS OF FIXED OILS & FATS

the bad odor and taste are due to the free fatty acids liberated when the fat is hydrolyzed

A

HYDROLYTIC RANCIDITY

79
Q

HYDROLYSIS OF FIXED OILS & FATS

HYDROLYTIC RANCIDITY:
the bad odor and taste are due to the ____ liberated when the fat is hydrolyzed

A

FREE FATTY ACIDS

80
Q

HYDROLYSIS OF FIXED OILS & FATS

HYDROLYTIC RANCIDITY:
the bad odor and taste are due to the free fatty acids liberated when the fat is ____

A

HYDROLYZED

81
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF FIXED OILS & FATS

  • < 100
  • more of OLEIC acid
  • coconut oil, peanut oil, olive oil
A

NON-DRYING OILS

82
Q

HYDROLYSIS OF FIXED OILS & FATS

  • 100-120
  • more of OLEIC acid and LINOLEIC acid
  • corn oil, cottonseed oil, wheat oil, sesame oil, brazil oil, soybean oil
A

SEMI-DRYING OILS

83
Q

HYDROLYSIS OF FIXED OILS & FATS

  • > 120
  • more of LINOLEIC acid and LINOLENIC acid
  • linseed oil, sunflower oil, poppyseed oil
A

DRYING OILS

84
Q

the number of milligrams of KOH necessary to NEUTRALIZE the free acids in 1g of oil, fat, wax, resin, balsam, and other similar substances

A

ACID VALUE

85
Q

ACID VALUE is also known as

A

acid number / acidity index

86
Q

FORMULA

ACID VALUE

A

V x N x 56.11 (MW of KOH) / wt. of sample

answer should always be 4 decimal places

87
Q

the number of milligrams of KOH necessary to NEUTRALIZE the free acids and SAPONIFY the esters contained in 1g of oil, fat, wax, resin, balsam, and other similar substances

A

SAPONIFICATION VALUE

88
Q

FORMULA

SAPONIFICATION VALUE

A

(Vbl- Vsa) x N x 56.11 / wt. of sample

blank - sample

89
Q

SAPONIFICATION value is also known as

A

Saponification number
KOETTSDORFER number

90
Q
  • number of grams of IODINE absorbed under specified conditions by 100g of oil, fat, wax, or other similar substances
  • measures the PROPORTION of UNsaturated fatty acids present
A

IODINE VALUE

91
Q

FORMULA

IODINE value

A

(Vbl - Vsa) x N x 0.1269 / wt. of sample x 100

92
Q

number of mg of KOH required to SAPONIFY the ester in 1g of substances

A

ESTER VALUE

93
Q

FORMULA

ESTER value

A

saponification value - acid value

94
Q

FORMULA

constant in IODINE value

95
Q

FORMULA

MW of KOH

constant in saponification, acid value

PCOG LAB (24 decks)

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