EX 1 Flashcards
Application of scientific disciplines with the object of acquiring knowledge of drug from every point of view
– Fluckiger
PHARMACOGNOSY
Applied science that deals with the biological and economic features of natural drugs and their constituent
-Tyler
PHARMACOGNOSY
- Art of resolving plants into its chemical constituents
- Isolating the most important components in the form of pure chemical compounds
PLANT CHEMISTRY
Study of the composition of plant principle, their extraction, biosynthesis, and identification
PHYTOCHEMISTRY
PLANT SOURCES
region in which the plant or animal yielding the drug grows
GEOGRAPHIC SOURCE
PLANT SOURCES
Plant grows in their native countries
INDIGENOUS
PLANT SOURCES
plant grows in foreign land aside from their country of origin
NATURALIZED
CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS
grounded according to plant part and forms (structures)
MORPHOLOGY
CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS
natural relationship or Phylogeny
TAXONOMY
CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS
Pharmacologic activity
THERAPEUTIC APPLICATION
CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS
active / inert
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENT
Vegetable or animal drugs that consist of natural substances that have undergone only the process of collection and drying
CRUDE DRUG
PLANT METABOLITES
- relatively more abundant in plants, but are of lower value
- carbohydrates, proteins, lipids
PRIMARY METABOLITES
PLANT METABOLITES
- present in small quantities but are of high value
- unique to a particular species
- may have biological role (anti-oxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory properties, etc.)
SECONDARY METABOLITES
PREPARATION OF CRUDE DRUGS
part of plant which may have the highest content of active constituent
COLLECTION
PREPARATION OF CRUDE DRUGS | RULES FOR COLLECTION
Rhizomes / Roots
after the vegetative process
PREPARATION OF CRUDE DRUGS | RULES FOR COLLECTION
Stem / Barks
before the vegetative process
PREPARATION OF CRUDE DRUGS | RULES FOR COLLECTION
Leaves
when the photosynthesis is active
PREPARATION OF CRUDE DRUGS | RULES FOR COLLECTION
Flower
when they are about to bloom (bud)
PREPARATION OF CRUDE DRUGS | RULES FOR COLLECTION
Fruits
when ripe
PREPARATION OF CRUDE DRUGS | RULES FOR COLLECTION
Seeds
when matured
PREPARATION OF CRUDE DRUGS
hand labor and mechanical device
Harvesting
PREPARATION OF CRUDE DRUGS
Removal of moisture
Drying
why is drying important
prevent molding / growth of bacteria
METHODS OF DRYING
air dying , sun drying and shade drying
Natural
METHODS OF DRYING
oven at 40-60°C
Artificial
METHODS OF DRYING
temperature for oven drying
40-60 C
METHODS OF DRYING
temprature for oven drying:
leaves, herbs, and flowers
20-40 C
METHODS OF DRYING
temperature for oven drying:
bark, roots
30-60 C
these plant compounds are known to have antioxidant properties
flavonoids
METHODS OF DRYING
- Rapid drying
- Retains the color of flower and leaves
- Retains the aroma of aromatic plants
Artificial drying
PREPARATION OF CRUDE DRUGS
removal of extraneous matters such as plant part, dirt and added adulterant
Garbling
PREPARATION OF CRUDE DRUGS
in order
- collection
- harvesting
- drying
- garbling
- packaging, storage and preservation
PROPER STORAGE OF PLANT EXTRACT
as a standard precaution, all plant extracts properly labelled should be stored in the ____, at temperatures between ____
cold, 0-5 C
PROPER STORAGE OF PLANT EXTRACT
if kept at room temperature, the extract can be treated with a trace of ____ (CAUTION: carcinogenic) or ____ (CAUTION: toxic fumes) to prevent fungal growth
chloroform, toluene
FACTORS FOR DETERIORATION
activate enzymes present in the leaves and bring about decomposition of the glycosides
MOISTURE
FACTORS FOR DETERIORATION
due to excessive condensation of moisture to the inner metal walls
CONTAINERIZED SHIPMENT
FACTORS FOR DETERIORATION
leads to loss of volatile constituents
INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE
FACTORS FOR DETERIORATION
decomposition of certain constituent
DIRECT SUNLIGHT
FACTORS FOR DETERIORATION
assist resinification of volatile oils and rancidity of fixed oil
OXYGEN
FACTORS FOR DETERIORATION
effect of oxygen in volatile oils
resinification
FACTORS FOR DETERIORATION
effect of oxygen in fixed oils
rancidity
- Simple & rapid
- designed for a minimum of equipment;
- reasonably selective for the class of compounds under study;
- quantitative in so far as having a knowledge of the lower limit of detection is concerned; and if possible
- should give additional information as to the presence or absence of specific members of the group being evaluated
PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING
It refers to the extraction, screening and identification of the medicinally active substances found in plants.
PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING
STEPS IN PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING
- authentication & extraction
- separation & isolation
- characterization
- quantitative evaluation
- pharmacological assessment
PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING
is the separation of medicinally active portions of plant/animal tissues using selected solvents through standard procedures.
EXTRACTION
PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING | EXTRACTION
solvent is called
menstruum
PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING | EXTRACTION
the undissolved part is called
marc
METHODS OF EXTRACTION
boiling
DECOCTION
METHODS OF EXTRACTION
why is 80% is the most ideal solvent used in extraction
it is where secondary metabolites are most soluble
METHODS OF EXTRACTION
uses hot water
tea
INFUSION
METHODS OF EXTRACTION
uses solvent (80%)
MACERATION
METHODS OF EXTRACTION
gentle heat with maceration
DIGESTION
What are the common variation in extraction methods?
- length of the extraction period
- solvent used
- pH of the solvent
- temperature
- particle size
- Solvent-to-sample ratio
METHODS OF EXTRACTION
with the use of pressure
EXPRESSION
Solvents for Commonly Used for Extraction
Alkaloids, salts of veg. acids
1% HCl
Solvents for Commonly Used for Extraction
Fats, Fixed oils, waxes, pigments, resin
PETROLEUM ETHER
Solvents for Commonly Used for Extraction
preferred for phytochemical screening
80% alcohol
methanol / ethanol
METHODS OF EXTRACTION
with the use of percolater
PERCOLATION
Solvents for Commonly Used for Extraction
Alkaloids, resins and Glycosides
ETHER AND CHLOROFORM
Basic parameters that may influence the quality of the extracts
- plant part used
- solvent used
- extraction procedure
Solvents for Commonly Used for Extraction
Pentosans and hemicellulose
5% NaOH
Solvents for Commonly Used for Extraction
Glycosides, tannins, saponin, resin
95% ALCOHOL
Solvents for Commonly Used for Extraction
Hydrophilic & lipophilic components, phenolics, tannins
ACETONE
Solvents for Commonly Used for Extraction
selective extraction of terpenoids
DICHLOROMETHANOL
Solvents for Commonly Used for Extraction
glycosides, sugar, salt, gum mucin, proteins
WATER
The effect of extracted phytochemicals depends on:
- Nature of plant material
- Its origin
- Degrees of processing
- Moisture content
- Particle size
METHODS FOR SEPARATION
water soluble constituents like carbohydrates, and amino acids
PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
The variations in different extraction methods that will affect the quantity and secondary metabolite composition of an extract depend upon:
- Type of extraction
- Time of extraction
- Temperature
- Nature of solvent
- Solvent concentration
- Polarity
METHODS FOR SEPARATION
lipid soluble constituents like fats, fixed oils, waxes, and chlorophyll
THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY
METHODS FOR SEPARATION
volatile compounds like HC, terpenes, and fatty acids
GAS LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
instrument used to separate the solvent from the extract
ROTAVAPOR
FORMULA
equivalent weight/mL
weight of plant sample (g) / volume of the plant extract (mL)
FORMULA
percentage yield
weight of extract / weight of plant sample x 100
