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EX 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Common attributes of carbohydrates are that they contain

A
  • CARBON
  • HYDROGEN
  • OXYGEN
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2
Q

carbohydrates are what type of sugars

A

polyhydric / alcoholic sugars (aldehyde sugars)

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3
Q

 A major source of energy for us.
 Potatoes, bread, pasta and rice are rich in ____.

A

carbohydrates

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4
Q

general formula for carbohydrates

A

Cn(H₂O)n

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5
Q

body’s main source of energy that can be obtained from carbohydrates

A

GLUCOSE

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6
Q

storage forms of energy

A

starch & glycogen

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7
Q

type of sugar that is not being used by the body (it is only stored)

A

glycogen

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8
Q

glycogen storage

A

liver & muscles

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9
Q

CARBOHYDRATES

cell wall of bacteria

A

PEPTIDOGLYCAN

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10
Q

CARBOHYDRATES

exoskeleton of many insects

A

CHITIN

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11
Q

4 major classes of carbohydrates

A

Mono
Di
Oligo
Poly

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12
Q
  • Simple sugars
  • Formed by only one polyhydroxy aldehydic or ketonic unit
A

MONOSACCHARIDE

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13
Q

the most abundant monosaccharide

A

D-glucose / Dextrose

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14
Q

 Meaning “two sugars“
 Are commonly found in nature as sucrose, lactose, and maltose
 Formed by a condensation reaction where one molecule of water condenses or is released during the joining of two monosaccharides

A

DISACCHARIDES

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15
Q

DISACCHARIDES

glucose + fructose

A

SUCROSE

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16
Q

DISACCHARIDES

glucose + glucose
α-1,4

A

maltose

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17
Q

DISACCHARIDES

glucose + glucose
β-1,4

A

cellubiose

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18
Q

DISACCHARIDES

glucose + galactose

A

lactose

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19
Q

bond between carbohydrates

A

glycosidic bond

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20
Q

Disaccharides are commonly found in natrue as

A

sucrose
lactose
maltose

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21
Q
  • also known as table sugar
  • most common type of disaccharide
A

SUCROSE

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22
Q

DISACCHARIDES | GLYCOSIDIC BONDS

SUCROSE

A

a1 - B2

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23
Q

DISACCHARIDES | GLYCOSIDIC BONDS

MALTOSE

A

a1-4

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24
Q

DISACCHARIDES | GLYCOSIDIC BONDS

LACTOSE

A

B1-4

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25
Q

DISACCHARIDES | GLYCOSIDIC BONDS

LACTULOSE

A

B1-4

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26
Q

Short chains of monosaccharide units (2 to 20) linked by glycosidic bonds

A

OLIGOSSACCHARIDES

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27
Q

are long polymers of monosaccharides

A

POLYSACCHARIDES

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28
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES

made up of one type of sugar unit

A

HOMOGLYCANS

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29
Q

most abundant oligosaccharide

A

disaccharides

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30
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES

composed of more than one type of sugar unit; repeating disaccharide units

A

HETEROGLYCANS

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31
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

  • two carbon sugar
  • does not occur free in nature
  • need chemical reaction
A

HYDROXYACETALDEHYDE

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32
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

  • three carbon sugar
  • intermediate product in glycolysis
  • glycolysis pathway - step 5
A

GLYCERALDEHYDE
DIHYDROXYACETONE

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33
Q

final product of glycolysis pathway

34
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

  • four carbon sugar
  • not found free in nature
35
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

four carbon sugars

A

ERYTHROSE
ERYTHRULOSE

36
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

  • five carbon sugars
  • product of gum hydrolysis; the sugar present in the RNA
37
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

  • five carbon sugar
  • wood sugar
  • simplest sugar found in plants
  • a diagnostic aid for intestinal absorption
38
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

five carbon sugars

A

ribose
ribulose
xylose
xylulose

39
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

  • six carbon sugar
  • dextrose, grape sugar, physiologic sugar; β-D-glucose
40
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

the most abundant type of glucose

A

β-D-glucose

41
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

  • six carbon sugar
  • levulose, fruit sugar;
  • sweetest but with after-taste;
  • product of inversion of aqueous solution of sucrose and hydrolysis of inulin
42
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

  • six carbon sugars
  • found in milk and in neuronic fibers as galactosides
43
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

galactose is found in neuronic fibers as ____

A

galactosides

44
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

fructose is a product of inversion of ____

A

aq. soln of sucrose & hydrolysis of inulin

45
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

  • seven carbon sugar
  • a ketoheptulose
A

SEDOHEPTULOSE

46
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

  • nine carbon sugars
  • sialic acid
  • an aldononose
A

NEURAMINIC ACID

47
Q

DISACCHARIDES

sources of sucrose

A

sugar beet (Beta vulgaris)
sugar maple (Acer saccharum)
cane (Saccharum officinale)

48
Q

DISACCHARIDES

table sugar

49
Q

DISACCHARIDES

  • malt sugar
  • major degradation product of starch hydrolysis
50
Q

DISACCHARIDES

  • milk sugar
  • main source: cow’s milk
51
Q

DISACCHARIDES

  • Duphalac®
  • a semi-synthetic sugar
  • product of alkaline rearrangement of lactose
  • used as laxative for myocardial infarcted patients (to avoid straining)
52
Q

DISACCHARIDES

maltose is the major degradation product of ____

A

starch hydrolysis

53
Q

DISACCHARIDES

lactulose is used as ____ for myocardial infarcted patients

54
Q

OLIGOACCHARIDES

  • 3 glucose units
  • intermediate product of starch hydrolysis
A

maltotriose

55
Q

OLIGOACCHARIDES

  • several glucose units
  • responsible for the browning of the bread
  • product of partial hydrolysis of starch
56
Q

OLIGOACCHARIDES

dextrin is responsible for the

A

browning of the bread

57
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCANS

  • structural polysaccharide in plants
  • cell wall of plants
58
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCANS

  • structural polysaccharide in animals
  • cell wall of animals and fungi
59
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCANS

  • storage polysaccharide in plants
  • composed of amylose and amylopectin
60
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCANS

starch is composed of ____ and ____

A

amylose & amylopectin

61
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCANS

  • water soluble starch with >90% amylopectin
  • used to treat shock
A

hetastarch

62
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCANS

  • storage polysaccharide in animals
  • more branched than starch (every 10 units)
63
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCANS

branching of glycogen

A

every 10 glucose units

64
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCANS

  • polyfructan of fructofuranose
  • imrpoves digestion
  • B-1,2 bond
65
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCANS

  • homopolyglucan of a-1,6 bond
  • formed from sucrose by the action of transglycolase enzyme system
  • used as plasma expander (6% plasma expander)
66
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCANS

dextran is formed from sucrose by the action of what enzyme system

A

transglycolase enzyme system

67
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCANS

dextran is used as ____

A

6% plasma expander

68
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HETEROGLYCANS

present in vitreous humor (eyes) and in synovial fluid (joints)

A

hyaluronic acid

69
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HETEROGLYCANS

present in cartilage, tendons, and ligaments

A

chondroitin sulphate

70
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HETEROGLYCANS

present in skin

A

dermatan sulphate

71
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HETEROGLYCANS

present in nails

A

keratan sulphate

72
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HETEROGLYCANS

an anticoagulant

A

heparan sulphate

73
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HETEROGLYCANS

found in sea-weeds

74
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HETEROGLYCANS

present in bacterial cell wall

A

peptidoglycan

75
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES

  • a heteroglycan found in the primary cell walls of the plants
  • rich in galacturonic acid
  • used as gelling agents, thickening agents and stabilizers in food
76
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES

pectin is rich in

A

galacturonic acid

77
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES

protopectin is found in

A

unripe fruit

78
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES

pectic acid is found in

A

just riped fruit

79
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES

pectinic acid is found in

A

overripe fruit

80
Q

EXTRACTION OF STARCH

formula for %yield

A

wt of the starch / wt of the plant sample x 100

PCOG LAB (24 decks)

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