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Y2 Ophthalmology > Physiology + Visual Pathway > Flashcards

Physiology + Visual Pathway Flashcards

1
Q 
put in order from anterior to posterior:
bipolar cell
ganglion cell 
photoreceptor
ganglion axon
A

ganglion axon
ganglion cell
bipolar cell
photoreceptor

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2
Q

what are amacrine and horizontal cells

A

lateral connections altering signal in transduction

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3
Q

what cells are responsible for transduction

A

photoreceptors

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4
Q

what are the two photoreceptors

A

rods and cones

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5
Q

which photoreceptors are responsible for seeing in dim light

A

rods

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6
Q

which photoreceptors are responsible for colour vision

A

cones

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7
Q

where is the highest concentration of cones

A

in fovea in macula

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8
Q

what is the rod pigment molecule

A

rhodopsin

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9
Q

what is retinal

A

vit A in pigment molecule

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10
Q

what type of receptor is involved in phototransduction

A

GPCR

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11
Q

where are rods located

A

peripherally on retina

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12
Q

which type of photoreceptor has low convergence

A

cones

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13
Q

which type of photoreceptor has 1 receptor:ganglion

A

cones

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14
Q

which type of photoreceptor has high convergence

A

rods

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15
Q

which type of photoreceptor is more prevalent

A

rods

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16
Q

which type of photoreceptor has many receptors:ganglion

A

rods

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17
Q

what is the role of cGMP in rod phototransduction

A

opens Na channel

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18
Q

what is phototransduction

A

converting electromagnetic radiation to neural signal

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19
Q

which type of photoreceptor has high acuity

A

rods

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20
Q

which type of photoreceptor has low light sensitivity

A

cones

21
Q

which type of photoreceptor has low acuity

A

cones

22
Q

which type of photoreceptor has high light sensitivity

A

rods

23
Q

what are the types of cones

A

blue, green, red

24
Q

what is the resting membrane potential of a photosensitive cell

A

depolarised

25
Q

what happens to the membrane potential of a photosensitive cell on light exposure

A

hyperpolarises

26
Q

what is hyperpolarisation

A

inside of cell becomes more negative

27
Q

is the Na / K channel open in dark or light

A

open in dark

28
Q

what is the ion movement when the Na / K channel is open

A

Na out of cell

K in cell

29
Q

what structure transmits information from the eye to the optic chiasm

A

optic nerve

30
Q

what happens to fibres from nasal fields at the optic chiasm

A

cross over

31
Q

what happens to fibres from the temporal fields at the optic chiasm

A

continue ipsilaterally

32
Q

what information is carried by the left optic tract

A

right visual field

33
Q

what are binocular neurons

A

neurons in primary visual cortex that have input from both eyes for convergence

34
Q

what immunoglobulins are present in tears

A

secretory IgA, IgG

35
Q

what is MALT

A

mucosa associated lymphatic tissue

36
Q

where is MALT

A

conjunctiva/lacrimal gland

37
Q

what are the macrophages of the eye called

A

Langerhan macrophages

38
Q

what is immune privelege

A

blood tissue barrier creates downregulated intraocular immune environment with no lymphatics and

39
Q

is the corneal stroma hydrophobic or hydrophilic

A

hydrophilic

40
Q

is the corneal epithelium hydrophobic or hydrophilic

A

hydrophobic

41
Q

what topical routes can be used for the eye

A

drops and ointments

42
Q

what is added to TOP CCS to make them hydrophobic

A

alcohol/acetate

43
Q

what is added to TOP CCS to make them hydrophilic

A

phosphate

44
Q

what drugs are given subtenons

A

local anaesthetics

45
Q

what TOP local anaesthetic is used in the eye

A

proxymetacaine

46
Q

what mydriatic drug is used for fundoscopy

A

tropicamide

47
Q

what is the mechanism of tropicamide

A

blocks parasympathetic supply to iris to dilate pupil and stop the lens focusing

48
Q

what are the side effects of tropicamide

A

stings, blurring, ACAG

49
Q

what effect does atropine have on the pupil

A

dilates

Y2 Ophthalmology (9 decks)

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