Physiology + Visual Pathway

Question 1

put in order from anterior to posterior:
bipolar cell
ganglion cell 
photoreceptor
ganglion axon

Answer 1

ganglion axon
ganglion cell
bipolar cell
photoreceptor

Question 2

what are amacrine and horizontal cells

Answer 2

lateral connections altering signal in transduction

Question 3

what cells are responsible for transduction

Answer 3

photoreceptors

Question 4

what are the two photoreceptors

Answer 4

rods and cones

Question 5

which photoreceptors are responsible for seeing in dim light

Answer 5

rods

Question 6

which photoreceptors are responsible for colour vision

Answer 6

cones

Question 7

where is the highest concentration of cones

Answer 7

in fovea in macula

Question 8

what is the rod pigment molecule

Answer 8

rhodopsin

Question 9

what is retinal

Answer 9

vit A in pigment molecule

Question 10

what type of receptor is involved in phototransduction

Answer 10

GPCR

Question 11

where are rods located

Answer 11

peripherally on retina

Question 12

which type of photoreceptor has low convergence

Answer 12

cones

Question 13

which type of photoreceptor has 1 receptor:ganglion

Answer 13

cones

Question 14

which type of photoreceptor has high convergence

Answer 14

rods

Question 15

which type of photoreceptor is more prevalent

Answer 15

rods

Question 16

which type of photoreceptor has many receptors:ganglion

Answer 16

rods

Question 17

what is the role of cGMP in rod phototransduction

Answer 17

opens Na channel

Question 18

what is phototransduction

Answer 18

converting electromagnetic radiation to neural signal

Question 19

which type of photoreceptor has high acuity

Answer 19

rods

Question 20

which type of photoreceptor has low light sensitivity

Answer 20

cones

Question 21

which type of photoreceptor has low acuity

Answer 21

cones

Question 22

which type of photoreceptor has high light sensitivity

Answer 22

rods

Question 23

what are the types of cones

Answer 23

blue, green, red

Question 24

what is the resting membrane potential of a photosensitive cell

Answer 24

depolarised

Question 25

what happens to the membrane potential of a photosensitive cell on light exposure

Answer 25

hyperpolarises

Question 26

what is hyperpolarisation

Answer 26

inside of cell becomes more negative

Question 27

is the Na / K channel open in dark or light

Answer 27

open in dark

Question 28

what is the ion movement when the Na / K channel is open

Answer 28

Na out of cell | K in cell

Question 29

what structure transmits information from the eye to the optic chiasm

Answer 29

optic nerve

Question 30

what happens to fibres from nasal fields at the optic chiasm

Answer 30

cross over

Question 31

what happens to fibres from the temporal fields at the optic chiasm

Answer 31

continue ipsilaterally

Question 32

what information is carried by the left optic tract

Answer 32

right visual field

Question 33

what are binocular neurons

Answer 33

neurons in primary visual cortex that have input from both eyes for convergence

Question 34

what immunoglobulins are present in tears

Answer 34

secretory IgA, IgG

Question 35

what is MALT

Answer 35

mucosa associated lymphatic tissue

Question 36

where is MALT

Answer 36

conjunctiva/lacrimal gland

Question 37

what are the macrophages of the eye called

Answer 37

Langerhan macrophages

Question 38

what is immune privelege

Answer 38

blood tissue barrier creates downregulated intraocular immune environment with no lymphatics and

Question 39

is the corneal stroma hydrophobic or hydrophilic

Answer 39

hydrophilic

Question 40

is the corneal epithelium hydrophobic or hydrophilic

Answer 40

hydrophobic

Question 41

what topical routes can be used for the eye

Answer 41

drops and ointments

Question 42

what is added to TOP CCS to make them hydrophobic

Answer 42

alcohol/acetate

Question 43

what is added to TOP CCS to make them hydrophilic

Answer 43

phosphate

Question 44

what drugs are given subtenons

Answer 44

local anaesthetics

Question 45

what TOP local anaesthetic is used in the eye

Answer 45

proxymetacaine

Question 46

what mydriatic drug is used for fundoscopy

Answer 46

tropicamide

Question 47

what is the mechanism of tropicamide

Answer 47

blocks parasympathetic supply to iris to dilate pupil and stop the lens focusing

Question 48

what are the side effects of tropicamide

Answer 48

stings, blurring, ACAG

Question 49

what effect does atropine have on the pupil

Answer 49

dilates